How are gynecological diseases manifested? Symptoms of gynecological diseases. The main symptoms and signs of gynecological diseases. The main symptoms inherent in female pathologies

Gynecology(Greek gyne, gynaik - woman + logos - teaching) - a field of clinical medicine that studies the normal activity and diseases of a woman's body associated with the function of the reproductive system in all periods of life, from childhood to old age, and also develops methods for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Physiological and pathological processes associated with conception, pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period are studied by obstetrics.

Gynecology is usually divided into general and private. General gynecology studies the symptomatology and diagnosis of gynecological diseases, methods of their prevention and therapy, private gynecology - certain types of diseases of the female reproductive system, the features of their pathology, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and therapy.

Gynecology traces its history back to ancient times.

Descriptions of some women's diseases are found in the written monuments of India, Ancient Egypt, Greece and in the clinics of the Slavic peoples. In the Indian "Vedas" it is reported about displacements of the uterus, amenorrhea, condylomas. The Egyptian "gynecological" papyrus contains descriptions of treatments for uterine displacements, amenorrhea, itching, and ulcers of the vulva. In the "Hippocratic Collection" one of the chapters ("On Women's Diseases") is devoted to describing the symptoms and diagnosis of displacement and inflammation of the uterus and vagina, fibroids and uterine cancer. In addition to describing drug therapy, it provides information on the use of pessaries, surgical interventions (removal of a tumor from the uterus using forceps, a knife and a red-hot iron); along with local treatment, measures are recommended that affect the woman's body as a whole.

Ibn Sina in the "Canon of Medicine" describes a number of women's diseases and their treatment.
In the work of Zoya, the granddaughter of Vladimir Monomakh (XII century), "Ointments", in addition to the obstetric section, there are two chapters devoted to gynecological issues.

In the 16th century, the first extensive manual on women's diseases appeared by Professor Mercado of the University of Toledo.

Until the 19th century, gynecology was part of obstetrics. At the same time, gynecology begins to stand out as an independent discipline.

In Russia, the first gynecological department was opened at the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy (1842).

By the 70s of the XIX century, both abroad and in Russia, a special medical specialty appeared - a gynecologist.

At the moment, gynecology studies many women's diseases, the main of which are presented in the relevant sections of our website. After reading the information prepared by our specialists, you will be able to draw for yourself many important points related to clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. An important point is advice on giving yourself first aid in case of unforeseen situations, as well as consultations of our obstetrician-gynecologist on all issues that interest you.

Inflammation of the organs of the female reproductive system is the most common reason for visiting a gynecologist. The inflammatory process is often asymptomatic. In this regard, many patients come to see a doctor after the development of complications. The most dangerous complications of inflammation are a high risk of ectopic pregnancy, menstrual irregularities, infertility, and the development of precancerous conditions.

Treatment of inflammatory gynecological diseases is carried out with the help of medicines, physiotherapy and surgery. Competent treatment allows a woman to return to good health, the pleasure of intimate relationships, the opportunity to have children.

Symptoms of female inflammatory diseases

The symptoms depend on the affected organ. The following manifestations are considered common:

redness, swelling, itching of the mucous membrane of the vulva and vagina;
pain in the lower abdomen, in the area of the external genital organs, in the pelvic region, sometimes radiating to the lower back;
discomfort and soreness during intercourse, decreased libido;
pathological discharge from the vagina - mucous or, cloudy, cheesy, with gas bubbles, with an unpleasant odor and a yellowish tint;
menstrual irregularities (scanty, heavy, painful, irregular periods);
painful and;
, general weakness, digestive disorders;

All these symptoms are considered good reasons for visiting a gynecologist.

Causes of the development of inflammatory gynecological diseases in women

Most often, the inflammatory process develops against the background of tissue infection with pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria. The following reasons increase the likelihood of developing female inflammation:

infection. Occurs during unprotected sexual contact (chlamydia, trichomoniasis, ureaplasmosis, syphilis, gonorrhea, candidiasis, human papillomavirus, etc.);
uncontrolled intake of antibacterial drugs that disrupt the normal microflora of the genital organs;
hypothermia, non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, weakening of the immune system;
and metabolism in the body;
difficult childbirth, abortions, surgical interventions in the genital area;
restraining the urge to urinate and defecate;
heavy physical activity, .

Accurate determination of the cause of the development of the inflammatory process allows you to choose an effective treatment.

Inflammatory diseases in gynecology

Inflammation can affect various organs of the female reproductive system:

vulva;
vagina;
uterus;
ovaries;
fallopian tubes;
bladder.

The most common inflammatory diseases in gynecology are:

Vulvitis

Vulvitis is an inflammation of the external genitalia in women. The disease is manifested by redness, burning, itching, soreness, swelling of the mucous membranes of the vulva. The inflammatory process usually involves the labia minora and labia majora, the vestibule of the vagina, and the clitoris. The disease often develops in girls of preschool and school age, causing fusion of the labia minora (sinechia). The cause of vulvitis in children is non-compliance with hygiene of the genital organs, weakening of the body's immune defenses, infections. At the first sign of discomfort in the genital area, you should consult a gynecologist.

In adult women, vulvitis is most often the result of sexually transmitted infections. STIs include chlamydia, gonococci, trichomonas, streptococci, yeast fungi, etc. Contributing factors could be:

hormonal disruptions;
wearing tight synthetic underwear;
violation of hygiene during menstruation;
injury to the mucous membrane and skin in the pubic area;
long-term antibiotic therapy.

Often vulvitis develops as a complication of other female inflammatory diseases - cervicitis, endocervicitis, colpitis.

Treatment of inflammation of the external genitalia begins with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Next, the patient is prescribed supportive drugs that increase immunity.

Vaginitis (colpitis)

Vaginitis (colpitis) is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vagina. Every second woman at least once in her life is faced with vaginitis. female patients burning, itching and discomfort during intercourse. In addition, the appearance of pathological discharge from the vagina is noted.

The causes of vaginitis are different - non-observance of personal hygiene rules, allergies to underwear, latex, intimate hygiene products, wearing uncomfortable clothes, hormonal disruptions, abortions, complicated childbirth, diagnostic curettage. Especially often the cause of the development of vaginitis is the infection of the patient with an STI. If untreated, microorganisms quickly move up the woman's genital tract.

The basis of the treatment of colpitis is antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs. Physiotherapy, diet therapy, lifestyle correction are also carried out. If necessary, the patient is prescribed concomitant supportive treatment in the form of hormone therapy, immunostimulation, vitaminization of the body.

Bartholinitis

Bartholinitis is an inflammation of the Bartholin gland, which is located in a woman on the eve of the vagina. The disease develops when infectious pathogens enter the duct of the gland. These can be staphylococci, streptococci, E. coli, etc. In the initial stages, the pathology is manifested by swelling, hyperemia, swelling of the tissues surrounding the vestibule of the vagina. Further, there is a violation of the patency of the duct of the gland, which leads to the development of stagnant processes that aggravate the situation. Severe forms of bartholinitis are accompanied by suppuration of tissues, the development of an abscess.

Treatment of pathology includes the use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and painkillers. With suppuration, an operation to open an abscess is indicated. For rehabilitation after the elimination of acute symptoms, physiotherapy is prescribed.

cervicitis

is an infectious or non-infectious inflammation of the mucous membranes of the cervix. Symptoms of the disease are determined by the form of its course - acute and chronic cervicitis are distinguished. Pathology manifests itself:

purulent, serous or bloody discharge from the vagina;
discomfort during sex;
swelling of the cervix;
an increase in body temperature.

Cervicitis can be asymptomatic for a long time.

The disease can be caused by chlamydia, herpes simplex virus, trichomonas, mycoplasma. Non-infectious causes of cervicitis:

gynecological procedures (abortions, curettage, operations);
the use of local medicines,disturbing the microflora of the genital tract;
rough sex;
violation of intimate hygiene.

Treatment of cervicitis depends on the cause of its development.

endometritis

Endometritis is an inflammation of the lining of the uterus (endometrium). The disease occurs when the infection enters the uterine cavity. Pathogens can enter the uterine cavity as a result of unprotected intercourse. Sometimes the infection is spread by blood flow from other organs. The development of pathology promotes:

non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;
indiscriminate change of sexual partners;
weakening of the immune defense;
surgical interventions in the uterus.

Patients complain about:

severe pain in the lower abdomen;
bloody or purulent discharge from the vagina;
increase in body temperature;
violation of the menstrual cycle.

The most dangerous complication of endometritis is the spread of infection to healthy tissues. To prevent this process, it is necessary to start treatment as early as possible. It includes taking antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. It is required to refrain from sexual activity for the duration of treatment. If necessary, conduct diagnostic and therapeutic hysteroscopy.

Salpingoophoritis (adnexitis)

Inflammation of the uterine appendages is called salpingoophoritis and adnexitis. The tissues of the ovaries and fallopian tubes are involved in the inflammatory process. Pathology develops as a result of tissue infection. Pathogens can penetrate into the tissues of the appendages from the uterus or with the flow of blood and lymph. Pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms can cause salpingo-oophoritis. Associated factors - abortion, unhealthy lifestyle, intense hypothermia, especially in the legs, pelvis, lower back, immune deficiency.

Inflammation of the ovaries and fallopian tubes is usually asymptomatic. Sometimes a woman remarks:

pulling pain in the lower abdomen;
menstrual irregularities;
systemic malaise with high fever;
pathological vaginal discharge.

Salpingoophoritis in purulent forms can lead to severe complications. After treatment, adhesions and scars can form in the tissues of the ovaries and fallopian tubes. This is fraught with infertility for the patient. In each case, the treatment regimen is determined individually. It always includes taking antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antihistamines.

Urethritis and cystitis

Urethritis affects the urethra, and cystitis affects the bladder. These pathologies are treated jointly by a gynecologist and a urologist. The symptoms of the diseases are similar. These include:

frequent urination;
itching;
discomfort;
burning during emptying of the bladder;
discomfort during intercourse.

Diagnostics

To identify inflammation of the external genital organs, it is enough for a gynecologist to conduct a survey and examination of the patient. If the inflammatory process affects the internal organs of the reproductive system, additional studies are carried out:

Microscopic examination - this is the study of the biological material of a smear under a powerful microscope to identify infectious pathogens;
– based on the placement of biological tissues in a favorable nutrient medium. This leads to the growth of colonies. Next, conduct a microscopic examination of the colonies. This helps to accurately determine the type of microorganisms, as well as assess the sensitivity of pathogens to antibiotics.
Serological tests - detection in the patient's blood of specific antibodies to viruses and bacteria. One of the most informative methods of this group is enzyme immunoassay.
Molecular genetic methods - the most accurate method for diagnosing infectious pathogens. It is based on the isolation of the DNA of microorganisms from the biological material of the patient. The most common and informative method of this group is PCR diagnostics (polymerase chain reaction). The technique is based on repeated copying of individual sections of the pathogen's DNA for further identification.
– this study allows you to examine the internal organs of the female reproductive system. According to ultrasound, the specialist evaluates the structure of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, bladder. Inflammation is manifested by a change in the normal structure of tissues.
Endoscopy - these techniques make it possible to examine the tissues of the internal genital organs using high-resolution video cameras and powerful optical equipment. Inflammation is determined during colposcopy, hysteroscopy, cystoscopy, ureteroscopy, laparoscopy.

Treatment of inflammatory gynecological diseases in women

The treatment regimen is determined by the cause of the inflammation. Infectious pathologies are treated by taking antibacterial drugs. Antibiotics and antiviral agents may be given in tablet form or as topical agents. To alleviate the symptoms, anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, pain medications are additionally prescribed. If hormonal disorders have become the cause of inflammation, the endocrine balance is corrected. To further strengthen the immune system, immunomodulators and vitamins are prescribed.

After the elimination of acute symptoms, physiotherapy is prescribed for rehabilitation. If adhesions and scars have formed in the pelvic organs, their dissection is performed surgically.

The medical center "University Clinic" is equipped with a modern department of gynecology. Experienced doctors will provide qualified assistance in the treatment of inflammation of the genital organs in women.

Unfortunately, every woman sooner or later faces problems in the gynecological field. This is due to many factors: weakened immunity, poor lifestyle, frequent change of sexual partners, abortions, etc. The result is inflammatory processes, infectious diseases, and reproductive disorders appear.

Most often, women turn to gynecologists with such problems as inflammation of the ovaries and appendages, fibroids, endometriosis, cervical erosion, colpitis, and various infections. These diseases cause considerable discomfort, lead to impaired performance, nervousness, and sometimes to infertility.

It is important to know that at the first signs of problems in the field of gynecology, a woman should contact a specialist as soon as possible, since timely treatment does not allow the disease to go into a chronic stage.

Inflammation of the ovaries and appendages

One of the most common problems in the field of gynecology is inflammation of the ovaries (oophoritis) and appendages (salpingitis).

With a general inflammatory process of the ovaries and appendages, the disease is called salpingo-oophoritis. It is this disease that occurs most often, since the uterus, appendages and ovaries have a close relationship.

Causes and signs

Salpingoophoritis usually develops as a result of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms entering the genital organs against the background of reduced immunity. Often the impetus for inflammation is hypothermia.

Sometimes the development of the disease can be facilitated by the use of intrauterine devices, childbirth with complications, abortion.

The main signs of salpingoophoritis are soreness in the lower abdomen, odorous discharge, pus, itching, general weakness, fever, headaches, dizziness. Symptoms usually appear two to three days after infection. With hypothermia, pain and deterioration in well-being can appear immediately.

If the treatment was not carried out, the acute form passes into the subacute, and then into the chronic.

Signs of chronic salpingo-oophoritis do not appear so clearly. Pain may be felt in the lumbar region. More severe pain usually manifests itself only with pressure on the area of the appendages and intensifies before menstruation. Sometimes subfebrile temperature is observed.

Diagnosis and treatment

Inflammation of the ovaries and appendages in a woman, as a rule, is determined already at the first examination by a gynecologist. But to identify the cause, additional studies are always carried out, the material for which is taken from the vagina and cervical canal. Treatment is prescribed after determining the sensitivity of the pathogen to antibacterial drugs.

In the acute form of salpingo-oophoritis, therapy is carried out in the gynecology department for a week. With mild inflammation, therapy is prescribed at home.

The doctor prescribes antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs for local use, analgesics to the woman. Dosages and regimens of therapy should be carried out completely, since inflammation usually starts again if the drugs are not taken properly. If necessary, examinations and therapy are also prescribed for the sexual partner.

Folk recipes

Folk remedies for inflammatory processes in the ovaries and appendages have been treated since ancient times. Herbal tinctures, douches and tampons soaked in prepared herbal decoctions were commonly used and are still used today.

Uterine fibroids

Myoma is a benign tumor that occurs in the uterus and consists of muscle cells. She is not able to turn into a malignant form, but can give a woman considerable discomfort.

Causes

Most often, fibroids develop against the background of hormonal imbalance, especially with increased synthesis of estrogen and progesterone. That is why the majority of patients with fibroids are women of reproductive age.

After entering the menopause, the tumor often decreases, as the production of hormones begins to decline. Another reason for the development of this pathology is medical and diagnostic curettage and abortion, in which damage occurs in the uterus.

A provoking factor may be the lack of a regular sexual life, when there is stagnation of blood in the pelvic organs. Fibroids can develop in women who do not lead an active lifestyle, which also provokes a deterioration in blood circulation in the genitals.

Diagnostics and therapy

Often, fibroids do not make themselves felt, and a woman finds out about the presence of a tumor only after an examination in gynecology. But some women may experience symptoms such as heavy menstrual flow, as well as emerging bleeding on other days of the cycle. Such factors contribute to a decrease in hemoglobin and a deterioration in well-being.

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Sometimes fibroids can cause frequent urination and constipation. Some women complain of pain in the lower abdomen.

Myoma is diagnosed by ultrasound. With a small size of the formation, therapy is not carried out, but the state of the tumor is regularly monitored. With an increase in education and a deterioration in well-being, women are prescribed hormonal drugs that prevent increased production of estrogens.

If the fibroid is large and interferes with normal urination, a surgical method is prescribed by which the tumor is removed. Sometimes a sparing method is used, designed to block blood flow, due to which the fibroid decreases.

Treatment with folk remedies

Since a tumor in the uterus occurs as a result of an excess of estrogens, folk remedies therapy is aimed at reducing these hormones.

Recipe 1. Flaxseed (2 tablespoons) is poured with boiling water (500 ml) and boiled over low heat. Take 14 days for half a glass half an hour before meals three times a day.
Recipe 2. Freshly squeezed potato juice (100 g) is taken on an empty stomach for 3 months. After a four-month break, the course is repeated.

Endometriosis is a process associated with the growth of endometrial tissue in the uterus. There are quite a few reasons for the appearance of such a pathology. Specialists in the field of gynecology believe that endometriosis develops as a result of a decrease in immunity, hormonal disruptions, and hereditary predisposition.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Endometriosis has numerous signs, which often makes it difficult to diagnose. Women complain of pain in the lumbar region and lower abdomen, changes in the menstrual cycle, general malaise. Sometimes there are heavy periods and bleeding on other days of the cycle.

On examination, an increase in the size of the appendages is found. When colposcopy find small areas of a bluish tint. Ultrasound is used to diagnose the disease, sometimes laparoscopy is required. Also, endometriosis in gynecology helps to identify the analysis of CA-125.

Treatment of pathology

Endometriosis must be treated with both hormonal drugs and folk remedies. Hormonal drugs are prescribed both in the form of tablets and in the form of injections. Sometimes experts advise women to use a hormonal coil that contains levonorgestrel. Anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic drugs, vitamins are also prescribed.

Severe endometriosis requires surgical intervention, after which therapy is carried out conservatively.

Therapy with folk remedies

Patients with a diagnosis such as endometriosis are shown hirudotherapy, which has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Endometriosis at home is treated with folk remedies such as herbal infusions. The most effective are nettle, upland uterus, St. John's wort. Infusions are taken three times a day for half an hour before meals.

Erosion of the cervix - a violation of the mucosa on the uterine neck - is one of the most common female diseases. This is usually a benign phenomenon, but it requires constant monitoring.

The causes of this disorder are early sexual life, inflammation in the female genital organs, injuries, hormonal dysfunctions, and weak immunity.

Endocrine diseases can also contribute to pathologies such as cervical erosion.

Symptoms and therapy

Erosion of the cervix is often detected only when examined by a gynecologist. But sometimes women complain of slight bleeding, especially after intimacy with a partner. There may be pain from time to time. When an infection is attached, discharge with a smell, itching is possible.

During the examination, the doctor takes a smear, scraping. Cervical erosion is also diagnosed by colposcopy. Sometimes a biopsy is performed if the gynecologist suspects a malignant course of the disease. Erosion of the cervix requires observation, and sometimes the use of surgical methods.

Treatment with folk remedies

Erosion of the cervix is difficult to treat with folk remedies. Often, gynecologists advise not to experiment, since you can only aggravate the course of the disease.

It is allowed to use sea buckthorn oil and douching with herbal infusions.

Colpitis

Colpitis is an inflammatory process in the vaginal mucosa. The reasons are the defeat of the female genital organs by microorganisms, for example, herpes viruses, fungi, ureaplasmas, etc.

Colpitis can have acute and chronic forms. In the acute stage, colpitis manifests itself as pain in the vagina, burning. Itching and discharge with a smell are possible.

The mucosa is usually edematous, rashes and infiltrates are found on it. In the chronic stage, the symptoms are erased. Only purulent discharge with a smell, itching are possible.

Colpitis is diagnosed with a smear, bacteriological culture and microscopy of secretions. General urine and blood tests are also prescribed.

Treatment of the disease

Colpitis and its associated consequences (itching, burning) are treated by douching, vaginal treatment, suppositories and tampons. Preparations are selected on the basis of the obtained test results.

Depending on the type of pathogen, certain schemes and drugs are prescribed.

Also, the doctor usually prescribes a course of vitamin therapy, including taking riboflavin, vitamin C. Colpitis is also treated with UV irradiation of the vulva, SMT method (sinusoidally modulated currents), UHF. No less effective is ultraphonophoresis with anti-inflammatory drugs, which improves the general well-being of a woman, removes itching and other troubles.

Therapy with folk remedies

Colpitis is treated with douching from an infusion of herbs. The choice of plant depends on the specific pathogen.

If colpitis arose as a result of bacteria ingestion, you can use coltsfoot, juniper, calendula, string, chamomile, sage, celandine. When affected by fungi, such female diseases are treated with bergenia, nettle, tortilla, elderberry.

Unpleasant sensations, itching, discharge with a smell pass quickly.

Infectious diseases

The causes of inflammation in the genitals are often coccal infections, E. coli, chlamydia and other microorganisms.

Many sexually transmitted diseases often occur in a latent (latent) form. The first signs of infection are itching in the vagina, pain during urination, discharge with a smell. There may be rashes on the mucous membranes of the vagina, hyperemia, an increase in inguinal lymph nodes.

The discharge may be yellow or green, with or without odor. The menstrual cycle may be disrupted. Sometimes the temperature rises slightly. A woman feels itching, pain in the groin, as well as during intercourse.

Infection with chlamydia, ureaplasmosis contribute to the development of diseases such as salpingo-oophoritis, cervical erosion. With the defeat of the papillomavirus, the likelihood of oncological diseases increases.

Treatment of genital infections

A gynecologist and a venereologist are engaged in the treatment of genital infections. All drugs are prescribed only after a thorough examination of the patient.

The causative agents of the disease are destroyed by antibiotics, which are selected after determining their type. Signs such as itching, odorous discharge are removed with the help of local preparations: suppositories, tablets.

After a course of treatment, a woman is prescribed a course of immunomodulators, vitamins. It is also possible to use laser, magnetic therapy, electrophoresis, UHF. Be sure to treat the resulting intestinal dysbacteriosis after a course of antibiotic therapy.

Do you still think that it is completely impossible to cure your body?

How can they be identified?

nervousness, sleep disturbance and appetite;
allergies (watery eyes, rashes, runny nose);
frequent headaches, constipation or diarrhea;
frequent colds, sore throat, nasal congestion;
pain in the joints and muscles;
chronic fatigue (you get tired quickly, no matter what you do);
dark circles, bags under the eyes.

Photo: valuavitaly/depositphotos.com

Gynecological diseases may not manifest themselves for a long time and show up already in an advanced stage. However, there are the most common symptoms observed in most problems of the female genital area.

Causes of gynecological diseases

All causes of gynecological diseases are divided into external and internal.

External factors include:

Stress, neurosis, depression.
The deteriorating environmental situation, which is observed in large cities.
Early onset of sexual activity.
Frequent change of sexual partners.
Non-compliance with hygiene rules and the development of infectious diseases.
Uncontrolled frequent use of antibiotics.

Internal factors include:

Pathologies of the development of female internal organs, for example, a doubling of the vagina or a bicornuate uterus.
Atypical location of the genitals.
Hormonal diseases.
Spontaneous miscarriages or abortions, in which medical interventions were performed, in particular, curettage of the uterus.

Main symptoms

All diseases of the gynecological profile are divided into 3 groups. The first group includes diseases associated with the development of infection in a woman's body. The second group includes the pathology of the endocrine system and hormonal imbalance. The third group includes diseases with the development of hyperplastic or dystrophic changes, a tumor process.

There are symptoms that occur in any disease from each group. This:

Beli - pathological discharge of a whitish color, their amount depends on the activity of the process.
Bleeding occurring outside of menses. They can occur both in the middle of the menstrual cycle, and at other times. Bleeding is very strong, and there are spotting or completely insignificant. Sometimes appear immediately after intercourse.
Itching or burning in the genital area. The burning sensation is minor, delivering only slight discomfort. And it can be unbearable and painful.
Unpleasant sensations during intercourse, up to pain and inability to have sex because of this.
Discomfort or pain during urination.
In some cases, erosions or ulcers can be found on the genitals, which indicates the presence of a gynecological problem.
Another symptom is pain in the lower abdomen, they are of a different nature: bursting, pulling or pressing.

As a result of gynecological diseases, miscarriage, secondary infertility, miscarriages may occur.

Women's diseases (in three groups)

The first group, diseases caused by infections, are more often diagnosed as a result of the following reasons:

STIs are sexually transmitted infections. A special place among them is given to gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, candidiasis, or thrush, chlamydia.
Diseases of viral etiology that can be caused by the genital herpes virus, HIV, cytomegalovirus or human papillomavirus.
Pyoinflammatory diseases: colpitis, endometritis, adnexitis, cervicitis, pelvioperitonitis, vulvitis and others.

Symptoms of diseases of the first group - the presence of white, purulent discharge, soreness during intercourse and urination, itching and burning in the genital area, as well as erosion and ulcers. The development of inflammatory processes is facilitated by any infections, abortions, childbirth, hypothermia, manipulations of an operational and diagnostic nature (curettage of the uterus, probing of the uterine cavity, hysteroscopy, hydrotubation, hysterosalpingography, etc.), non-observance of personal hygiene, excessive use of antibiotics.

The presence of an intrauterine device (IUD) can also contribute to the spread of infection. When using it, the risk of developing inflammatory processes increases by 4-5 times. Often the fault is the incorrect use of intravaginal tampons.

The second group of gynecological diseases that arose as a result of hormonal or endocrine disorders. Symptoms:

Violation of the menstrual cycle.
Absence of menstruation or amenorrhea.
A decrease or increase in the menstrual cycle, menstruation may become scanty or plentiful, spotting may appear outside of menstruation.

As a result of hormonal disorders, dysfunctional uterine bleeding can occur, that is, a woman’s periods become acyclic and irregular. Secondary infertility develops.

The third group includes tumor processes. It is not necessary that these processes be malignant. This also includes cystic formations in the ovaries, uterine fibroids, changes in the cervix, such as pseudo-erosion, erosion and ulcerative changes. Among the signs in the third group of diseases, women more often note pain during intercourse, bleeding from the genital tract after intimacy, bleeding not associated with menstruation.

Despite the specific symptoms of gynecological diseases, there are diseases that either do not manifest themselves in any way, or the signs are so non-specific that a woman can be treated for something else.

It is these diseases that most often cause complications, since they usually begin to be treated when they are already in a neglected state. That is why it is so important to undergo a preventive examination by a gynecologist at least twice a year.

Inflammatory processes

The inflammatory process in women can develop in the external and internal genital organs. Inflammatory processes in the external genital organs include bartholinitis, vaginitis and vulvitis. Inflammation of the internal genital organs: endometritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, oophoritis, adnexitis, pelvioperitonitis.

Causes and symptoms

The cause of inflammatory processes in women are infections. There are few symptoms of inflammation: pain in the lower abdomen, abnormal vaginal discharge, which has an uncharacteristic texture, color and unpleasant odor, swelling of the tissues. If you notice any of the symptoms, you should consult a doctor.

Inflammatory processes of the female genital organs can be chronic and acute. If the disease is in the acute stage, the symptoms will be pronounced: there may be severe pain in the lower abdomen, the temperature rises. However, the disease can also bypass the acute stage and develop immediately from the chronic one. Then the symptoms will be transient, that is, they will change in strength: severe pain will be replaced by a temporary lull, then return again, etc. The disease can go into a chronic stage if the inflammation is not completely cured or treatment is not started.

Bartholinitis

Bartholinitis is an inflammation of the Bartholin's gland (this is a large gland in the vestibule of the vagina). It occurs as a result of non-compliance with hygiene, infections that are sexually transmitted. The disease is asymptomatic.

Vaginitis

Vaginitis (colpitis) is an inflammatory process of the vaginal mucosa. The disease is accompanied by abundant purulent, mucous or purulent-mucous discharge from the vagina, burning, itching, pain and hyperemia of the vaginal mucosa. Vaginitis can have a different nature, and the symptoms depend on it. So, with trichomonas vaginitis, abundant foamy and purulent discharge, burning, itching are observed. With fungal (candidiasis) colpitis - white, curdled discharge, burning and itching in the vaginal area. This is common in women of childbearing age.

In girls, the disease is accompanied by inflammation of the external genital organs. If colpitis is caused by a foreign object entering the vagina, then the discharge may contain an admixture of blood. With bacterial vaginitis in girls, scanty discharge, itching are observed.

Vulvitis

Vulvitis - inflammation of the vulva, external genitalia: pubis, small and large labia, vaginal vestibule, clitoris and hymen. Usually the disease is typical for girls and older women. The cause may be scratching, trauma or cracks in the epithelial cover of the vulva, in girls - pinworms. It can be acute and chronic. In acute vulvitis, burning, severe itching, pain, hyperemia and swelling of the genital organs, plaque on them are noted. In the chronic stage, symptoms usually disappear, but return intermittently and are mild. However, the chronic stage can again turn into an acute one, and exacerbations will become more frequent and more difficult to treat.

Vulvovaginitis

Vulvovaginitis is a simultaneous inflammation of the vulva (vulvitis) and vagina (vaginitis). This form of the disease is very common.

Adnexitis

This is an inflammatory process in the appendages of the uterus, that is, the ovaries (oophoritis) or fallopian tubes (salpingitis). The inflammatory process can be caused by staphylococci, mycoplasmas, gonococci, chlamydia and other pathogenic microorganisms. The causative agent of infection can enter the ovaries or fallopian tubes along with blood from the genital organs, where the inflammatory process initially developed. Adnexitis can develop due to childbirth, abortion, sexually transmitted infections, non-compliance with personal hygiene rules and due to weakened immunity. The disease is asymptomatic.

Endocervicitis (cervicitis)

Inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the cervix. The causes of occurrence are Escherichia coli, gonococci, staphylococci, streptococci, sexually transmitted infections, ruptures during childbirth, cervical erosion, incorrect birth control pills.

Even in the acute stage of the disease, symptoms can be very mild. Usually these are discharge (leucorrhea), itching, increased vaginal discharge, hyperemia of the uterine mucosa, and pain in the lower abdomen can rarely occur. The disease can become chronic if left untreated. Symptoms of a chronic disease are almost invisible.

endometritis

This is an inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the uterus. The cause may be a fungal, bacterial or viral infection. The first symptoms usually appear 3-4 days after infection. The disease can occur in acute and chronic form.

In the acute form of inflammation, the following are noted: weakness, fever, ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate ) elevated, pain in the lower abdomen, purulent liquid discharge (sometimes with ichor), on palpation, the uterus is enlarged and dense, and painful sensations also occur. The acute stage lasts 10 days. If you start treatment on time, then a full recovery quickly occurs. If the treatment is carried out incorrectly, endometritis becomes chronic. The main danger of this is that it can lead to disruption of the menstrual cycle, the development of bleeding, miscarriage, aching pain in the lower abdomen, intrauterine adhesions.

Adhesions are the cause of infertility

In gynecology, this disease is given a separate place.

Adhesions (adhesive disease) - constrictions on the fallopian tube resulting from surgery or an inflammatory process. The initial function of adhesions is to prevent the inflammatory process from spreading throughout the body. However, having fulfilled their positive function, they cause great harm to the woman's body: they do not allow the pelvic organs to work correctly, and can also lead to infertility. There are three stages of the disease:

Stage 1: Adhesions are located around the ovary, fallopian tube, or other area without interfering with egg capture.
Stage 2: Adhesions are between the ovary and fallopian tube or other organs and may interfere with egg capture.
3rd stage: there is a torsion of the fallopian tube, a violation of the patency, or the capture of the egg is completely blocked.

The disease is asymptomatic. The only manifestation of the disease is the inability of a woman to become pregnant. With this problem, patients turn to gynecologists, as a result, adhesive disease is detected.

Cervical erosion

The second most common disease that gynecologists have to deal with is cervical erosion. As a result, the mucous membrane of the cervix begins to gradually ulcerate, and healthy cells gradually degenerate into precancerous ones. This disease occurs in one in three women. Often it is almost asymptomatic or makes itself felt with barely perceptible pain and smearing sanious discharge after intercourse.

uterine fibroids

This disease annoys women after the age of 45. The condition is characterized by the fact that muscle cells begin to grow pathologically into the wall of the uterus. There is no vaginal discharge or any pain. But abundant menstrual flow with this pathology is a common occurrence.

Cyst or tumor of the ovaries

Also, gynecologists often diagnose either tumors or cysts. Women also do not complain about pain, but heavy menstrual bleeding is almost always present. Very often, this disease is detected absolutely by accident, during a routine routine examination. The sooner a tumor process or cyst is detected, the easier it will be to get rid of them. Moreover, even the most common human papillomavirus can transform into cancerous tumors.

Persistent menstrual irregularities

The menstrual cycle can either be greatly reduced or greatly increased, and secondary amenorrhea often also occurs. This complication is often the result of an inflammatory process affecting the ovaries. It goes without saying that all these complications most negatively affect a woman's ability to conceive and bear a child.

Prevention of gynecological diseases

It is important to visit the gynecologist regularly in order to detect the disease in a timely manner.

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