Infections of bones and joints: types of diseases, symptoms, causes and methods of treatment. Frequent diseases of the bones and joints What is the name of the disease with the bones

arthrosis

Dorsopathies

Symptoms: Lameness, shortening of the stride, and the appearance of pain with strong flexion of the joints are observed. The diagnosis is confirmed radiographically.

Treatment.

Soft tissue diseases

Treatment.

These are different types of bone cancer, osteomalacia (softening and deformation of bones), which can occur due to vitamin D deficiency, as well as osteoporosis (thinning of bone tissue). Children often feel pain in the bones of the legs - this is the so-called. growing pains. They usually go away with age.

Orthopedic treatment is mainly aimed at eliminating the vicious positions of the lower extremities and improving the musculoskeletal function of patients.

Osteopathy and chondropathy

The presence of radicular pain and paresthesia help to clarify the localization of the pathological focus. Asymmetric tension of the back muscles indicates a local accumulation of pus.

Differential Diagnosis

As with other forms of osteomyelitis, with its spoke form, the purulent process is supported by foci of osteonecrosis. Their features are insignificant size, multiplicity and ambiguity of localization. Repeatedly in the fistula at the site of the pin, ring-shaped bone sequesters are found, the search and removal of which are much more difficult. Pin osteomyelitis before the spread of suppuration in the bone marrow cavity gives a picture of a kind of "cortical" osteomyelitis.

Treatment

• and bones may be some diseases of other organs, for example, endocarditis. This is an infectious disease caused by certain pathogens that affect the inner lining of the heart. In addition to fever, chills and loss of consciousness, they cause pain in various bones and joints. A similar thing happens with chronic inflammation of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, when, in addition to other symptoms, there are severe joint pains. Pain in the bones and joints is characteristic of vitamin A hypervitaminosis, blood diseases (blood cancer, or leukemia) or agranulocytosis (impaired hematopoiesis).
• Open intra- and periarticular fractures, inflammatory processes in the periarticular tissues, osteomyelitis of the articulating bones.
• Spinal osteomyelitis

The persistent course of the osteomyelitic process forces surgeons to look for new and improve known means and methods of exposure, both local and general. In recent years, much attention has been paid to bone grafting of osteomyelitic cavities, filling cavities with artificial materials with antibiotics, prolonged washing of cavities with antiseptic and electrochemically activated solutions, the use of oxygen barotherapy, selective antibacterial treatment and immunotherapy, and the use of gravitational surgery methods.​

Clinical relevance

Treatment

This disease was recognized recently, although it was mentioned as early as the 17th century. The main symptoms are numbness, a feeling of "goosebumps" in the legs, excessive physical activity. Such a disease is considered hereditary. It can be caused by pregnancy, iron deficiency, Parkinson's disease, or spinal cord injury. Restless legs syndrome is more commonly diagnosed in older people.​

Systemic connective tissue lesions

Includes diseases in which pathological changes are exposed to the muscles adjacent to the joint, the synovial membrane and tendons.

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Symptoms of various leg diseases

Symptoms. The disease begins with lameness on the hind leg, gradually the dog completely ceases to use the diseased limb. Flexion and extension in the hip joint is accompanied by severe pain. The diagnosis is confirmed radiographically.

Vessels

Joint dysplasia is an inherited disease characterized by their abnormal formation and development. In particular, in hip dysplasia, there is a flattened, underdeveloped acetabulum and an malformed femoral head. All this leads to subluxation or dislocation of the hip joint and the development of arthrosis in it. Approximately 30% of dogs with hip dysplasia have simultaneous changes in the knee and shoulder joints.​

joints

Additional articles on this topic:

• Signs:
• Clarify the diagnosis after fistulography (with fistulous form) and especially after computed tomography and MRI.

restless leg syndrome

Brodie's abscess

muscles

Inflammation of near-spoke wounds

Bones

In the modern world, every person is faced with muscle pain, or myalgia. It can occur both during stress and during rest. This is due to the hypertonicity of muscle cells. The cause is excessive physical activity, stress, trauma, infectious, inflammatory, and chronic diseases. It can occur in both adults and adolescents. Symptoms are pain, nausea, high fever. If you do not deal with leg muscle diseases for a long time, this can lead to the development of diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis, etc.

They develop by an autoimmune mechanism. The production of antibodies to the tissues of one's own body begins. The trigger factor was not identified. Articular pathology is often the first manifestation.

Foot problems with diabetes

Muscle diseases include myositis, deposits of calcium salts in tissues, and some other conditions (heart attack, rupture, paralysis, etc.).

Treatment.

• A joint is a complex structure that allows you to articulate (movably) connect two (or more) bones. The joint is formed by the articular surfaces of the epiphyses of the bones, covered with articular cartilage; the joint is surrounded by a capsule of the joint, inside the capsule is lined with the so-called synovial membrane, which produces an intra-articular fluid - synovia. Synovia is a transparent viscous liquid containing special substances - mucopolysaccharides and hyaluronic acid, which ensure the normal functioning and nutrition of the articular cartilage. Articular cartilage has no blood vessels and receives nutrients only from the synovial fluid.
• ​Despite the fact that hip dysplasia is a genetically determined disease, there are factors that can aggravate its course.​

sudden acute pain in the joint area, impaired function, forced (painful) flexion contracture, increase in volume, signs of effusion, local fever, hyperemia, clinical picture of general intoxication of the body. Obtaining a purulent effusion upon puncture of the joint confirms the diagnosis.

Heel spur

Surgical treatment in combination with powerful antibacterial and restorative treatment. In case of an open course, an opening of a purulent streak (abscess, phlegmon) and active drainage with flow-through washing of cavities in soft tissues and a focus of osteomyelitis are shown. In a chronic course, a radical treatment of the osteomyelitic focus in the vertebra is performed, followed by bone or muscle autoplasty.

limited hematogenous osteomyelitis, which looks like a solitary bone abscess (Fig. 3, a). The abscess cavity is filled with granulations, pus or serous fluid, surrounded by a pyogenic membrane. The adjacent areas of the bone are sclerotic, the periosteum is thickened.

Erysipelas on limbs

carried out according to the rules of purulent surgery. At the first signs (swelling, redness, pain, increased local temperature), the skin and subcutaneous tissue around the wire are infiltrated with novocaine with antibiotics and dissected longitudinally by at least 3 cm. The wound is treated with antiseptic solutions and powdered sorbents (gelevin, coal) are poured into it, and in their absence, gauze swabs with hypertonic (10%) sodium chloride solution are introduced, which are changed twice a day . Usually within 2 days the inflammatory process stops, the wound heals by the 7-8th day. If it is not possible to eliminate the inflammation of soft tissues in 2-3 days, purulent discharge from the wound and the general reaction of the body appear, then the needle is removed and a wide drainage is performed through both needle skin holes. General and local antibacterial treatment, UVI, laser and magnetotherapy are prescribed.

According to the World Health Organization, osteoporosis is the fourth disease in the world after cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. Everyone suffers from brittle bones: women, men, and children. The reasons are a decrease in bone mineral mass as a result of a lack of calcium. Symptoms of the disease: dull pain in the joints and lower extremities, insufficient muscle development, swelling, and fatigue.

Leading symptoms are arthralgia and stiffness, muscle pain. Tendons are significantly damaged (compacted, shortened).

Diseases of the synovial membrane and tendons involve inflammation, calcification. Snapping finger moved to a separate subcategory.​

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Infectious diseases of bones and joints

Small forms of suppuration

The disease occurs due to the penetration into the joint cavity of pathogens of purulent infection (staphylococcus, streptococcus, brucella, etc.). The infectious agent enters the joint through a damaged joint capsule (wounds, unsuccessful operations, joint punctures) or with blood, as in the case of brucellosis. Large and powerful dogs, precocious, well-nourished and fast growing, are more prone to the disease. The bones of the limbs are mostly tubular, they distinguish between a central, cylindrical, part called the diaphysis, and end thickened parts called the epiphysis (as a rule, the epiphyses of the bones form joints). In length, the bone grows due to the growth zones located in the epiphyses, and in thickness - due to the growth of periosteal cells (thin skin around the diaphysis). Intensive growth of bones in length in dogs occurs from 3 to 8 months; finally, the growth zones of the epiphysis are closed by 10 months (in dogs of small breeds, this process is completed much earlier). The periosteum functions throughout life, and fractures also heal due to it. On the x-ray of the joint, the expansion of the joint space is determined in the first days, later (after 1-2 weeks) - patchy osteoporosis of the articular ends of the bones, foci of destruction in the epiphyses, "corrodedness" of the contours of the articular surfaces.

Stabilization of the spine is carried out using various techniques, often posterior fusion. Reasons: Ligature fistulas

This disease is diagnosed with an X-ray. To prevent the disease, you should get rid of bad habits and take care of the necessary physical activity. Accompanied by specific changes in blood counts. The prognosis is serious.​ By name, you can guess that lesions of the bone and cartilage tissue are included here. These are osteoporosis, osteomyelitis (decrease in density and softening of the bone, respectively), Paget's disease, osteochondrosis of the joints (shoulder, hand, etc.), cases of aseptic necrosis, osteolysis (complete resorption of the bone).

Arthrosis is the premature wear of intra-articular cartilage. One of the causes leading to the disease is the aging of chondrocytes, cartilage tissue cells. Gradually, the total amount of cartilage in the joint may decrease, especially noticeable with the approach of old age, as well as after injuries, post-traumatic inflammation, professional constant stress on certain joints (for example, in football players and agricultural workers). Most often, osteoarthritis affects the knee (gonarthrosis) and hip (coxarthrosis) joints. One of the earliest symptoms of osteoarthritis is pain in the knee joints. At the beginning of the disease at rest, it is practically absent, but appears when the joint is loaded. The initial stage is characterized by damage to the synovial membrane and is called

Overload of the hip joints in growing young animals contributes to the onset of the disease. During this period, soft and elastic bones and cartilage are especially susceptible to work and weight loads. Partial damage to the growth zone leads to the fact that this area ceases to perform its functions (does not provide bone growth), and this leads to a curvature of the limb, which is more noticeable, the younger the animal was at the time of damage. Puppies of medium and large breeds are especially affected by trauma to the growth zones. The curvature occurs in the area of ​​the carpal joint on the forelimbs and in the area of ​​the hock joint - on the hind legs. Treatment.

Osteomyelitis of the pelvis. Infection by the hematogenous route, the main causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus. More often observed in young men.

Manifested after opening with scanty, but persistent serous-purulent secretions, they can spontaneously close after the thread leaves. Being a potential cause of the development of severe purulent processes, ligature fistulas require early surgical intervention. X-ray examinations with contrasting and staining of fistulous passages before surgery are mandatory.

Osteomyelitis

People with diabetes most often have foot problems. Dorsopathies

Symptoms and external manifestations of many joint diseases are largely similar (inflammatory reaction, remember?). But there are still differences. And if you know them, then you can not miss the disease, which is fraught with serious consequences for the joints and bones.

Primary arthrosis (genuine) - arthrosis that begins without a noticeable cause and affects unchanged articular cartilage in many joints at the same time; observed more often in people over 40 years old. Purulent synovitis;

The degree of inheritance of hip dysplasia, according to the literature, is 55-60%.

Treatment.

If the development of purulent arthritis is suspected, the patient is immobilized with a limb, injected with painkillers and sent to the hospital by ambulance. Reasons:

​Fig. 3.​

Treatment

There are two types of foot diseases in diabetes:

Mean degenerative problems with the joints of the spine. The reasons are different. Most often - osteochondrosis. But there are also secondary, due to other diseases. Separately, there are infectious and oncological dorsopathies.

In the table, we consider the leading signs of the most common diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

Secondary arthrosis - is the outcome of diseases or damage to the joints. Filling the joint cavity with pus is called

Symptoms: Clinical signs often do not match the severity of changes seen on x-rays (only 20% of dogs with joint disease have overt symptoms). Dogs become less active, lameness and difficulty getting up develop, and hip mobility decreases. Passive movements of the hip joints cause pain. Even with minor loads, subluxation or dislocation in this joint can occur. Over time, osteoarthritis develops. The diagnosis is confirmed by X-ray examination. As a rule, at the very moment of injury, dog owners do not pay attention, but notice an already twisted limb. If intensive bone growth has not yet ended (for large dogs it is 6 months), then the curvature can be corrected with a surgical operation (epiphysodesis).

In outpatient conditions, patients with purulent arthritis of the interphalangeal joints are treated. Bruises and fractures of the pelvis with damage to internal organs, open and gunshot fractures, orthograde metastasis in inflammatory diseases of the genital and other intrapelvic organs, pustular skin lesions, furunculosis, tonsillitis, as well as in septic conditions of various etiologies.

Brody's abscess (a) and Garre's osteomyelitis (b) bedsores

ischemic foot. Vessels are mainly affected, the skin becomes cold, may be pale or variegated. Pain is characteristic mainly when walking; Inflammatory - often begin before the age of 40.

Nosology Generalized arthrosis (polyarticular, polyarthrosis) - arthrosis, characterized by multiple lesions of the joints.

joint empyema,

The optimal age of dogs for X-ray examination to determine their breeding value is from 12 to 18 months. If the dog has grown and the bone remains twisted, then an operation called “corrective osteotomy” is performed. It should be noted that no splints, splints and bandages will fix a twisted limb.​

Non-surgical treatment includes immobilization of the joint, therapeutic punctures with the removal of purulent exudate and washing the joint cavity with solutions of antiseptics, antibiotics, enzymes. General antibacterial treatment is mandatory. The ilium, sacroiliac joint are more often affected, less often the pubic and ischial bones. Signs.

It consists in increasing the general reactivity of the body (blood transfusion, administration of protein preparations, vitamins, anabolic steroids, immunostimulants) and stimulation of local regeneration processes by exposure to pathological and borderline tissues with proteolytic enzymes (chymotrypsin, terrilitin), antiseptic solutions, water-soluble ointments (Levosin, Levomikol), laser irradiation, UV radiation. With a large area of ​​the bedsore, free and non-free skin plasty is shown. neuropathic foot. Fixed nerve damage. The foot becomes warm or hot. Pain in the legs is felt mainly at night.

Slow gradual increase in symptoms. Back pain of varying severity. As the progression progresses, signs of infringement of the nerve roots increase: loss of sensitivity, or, conversely, “lumbago” in the limb. The prognosis is favorable in most cases. But over time, the violation of the mobility of the spinal column becomes pronounced and significant.

Mechanism of damage and causes of development

Deforming arthrosis - arthrosis, characterized by pronounced destructive and hyperplastic changes in the articular ends of the bones, manifested by severe pain, significant defiguration of the joints and progressive dysfunction; the hip and knee joints are more often affected, and the involvement of all joint components (articular cartilage, bone epiphyses) in the process is defined as

Treatment.

Chondrodystrophy is a genetically determined bone disease characterized by multiple bone deformities leading to dwarfism. At the same time, the growth of only the tubular bones of the limbs slows down. There are breeds in which chondrodystrophy is genetically fixed (basset hound, dachshund, skye terrier, etc.). Sometimes this disease can occur in dogs of other breeds.

With the progression of the purulent process, a wide arthrotomy and surgical debridement are performed, if indicated, resection of the articular ends, amputation of the limb.

Signs. Localization - metaepiphyses of the tibia, radius, femur and humerus. It is clinically characterized by a long-term course with rare exacerbations without a pronounced increase in body temperature. Patients complain of pain that worsens at night. Above the abscess, the tissues are painful, thickened, the skin is moderately hyperemic. The radiograph shows a round or oval sharply limited focal rarefaction, surrounded by a sclerotic rim, sometimes with a small sequester in the center. Prevention of purulent complications of open fractures.

There is also an osteoarthropathic foot, or Charcot foot. It is characterized by changes in the bones of the lower extremities.

​ ​ Leading symptoms and prognosis

Uncovertebral arthrosis - deforming arthrosis of the joints, additionally formed between the processes on the posterolateral surfaces of the II - II cervical vertebrae; manifested by signs of cervical and shoulder neuritis and other neurological symptoms.

Purulent arthritis. It should improve the mechanical properties of the joint and slow down the development of arthrosis, eliminate pain and increase joint mobility. It can be conservative and operational. There is no treatment for this disease. Subsequent rehabilitation is aimed at eliminating contractures and restoring the musculoskeletal function of the limb (exercise therapy, massage, mechanotherapy, physical methods of treatment).​ There are subacute and chronic development of the disease, dull pains in the iliac, gluteal regions, in the thigh, hip joint or in the entire half of the pelvis with irradiation to the sacrum, lower back, and lower abdomen. The pains periodically increase, forcing patients to lie in an unusual position.

Treatment. Primary surgical treatment of the wound should be carried out within 4-6 hours after the injury. Each hour of delay in surgery increases the likelihood of suppuration and osteomyelitis. The treatment of the main bone fragments consists in mechanical cleaning of their ends, removal of plugs from the bone marrow canals, consisting of bone fragments and crushed soft tissues, washing the bone wound with a large amount of antiseptic solutions with ultrasound. Small fragments are usually removed, medium and large, not associated with soft tissues, are removed, cleaned, placed for several minutes in a saturated solution of antiseptics, and then in an isotonic (0.9%) solution of sodium chloride with antibiotics (for example, 2 million units of kanamycin per 100 ml of solution).

Please note that with diabetes, leg diseases always begin with pain after a long walk. The nature of the pain can be anything - from aching to cutting. Remember that all leg diseases in diabetes require special attention and careful treatment under the supervision of a physician. According to the ICD, X is not included in this category of diseases of the spine (arthritis and spondylitis) that accompany some inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract:

Arthrosis

Treatment of arthrosis

If timely treatment is not carried out, then the articular cartilage is destroyed, fibrin is deposited in the joint cavity, fibrous deforming arthrosis and even ankylosis of the joint develop.

​Conservative​

Pyogenic arthritis

Congenital fragility of bones is a systemic disease of the skeleton associated with an anomaly (disturbance) in the process of bone formation. With incomplete osteogenesis, the main symptom is multiple fractures of long tubular bones that occur even with a slight impact on them. Traumatology and orthopedics. N. V. Kornilov

In a chronic course, the pain syndrome intensifies when walking (limping is pronounced), squatting, bending the torso. Positive symptoms characteristic of pelvic fractures are revealed. The accumulation of pus, phlegmon appear as tumor-like formations on the inner or outer surface along the iliac crest, in the buttocks, lower back, groin, upper third of the thigh. The breakthrough of phlegmon and the formation of fistulas facilitate diagnosis. Spontaneous healing may be observed, but a subperiosteal abscess may form (manifested by acute inflammation and excessive pain) with a breakthrough of pus into the soft tissues and out through the skin with the formation of fistulas. Surgical treatment.

After repositioning and fixation of the main fragments, the fragments are placed so that the muscles completely isolate them from the surface tissues. For this, you can use myoplasty. Fragments associated with soft tissues are treated in the same way as the main bone fragments. It is advisable to place large free-lying fragments immediately into intact muscle tissue (preferably in the region of the proximal main fragment), and after 2-4 weeks. transport them with the help of the apparatus according to the method of G. A. Ilizarov to the fracture site or use them during a reconstructive operation carried out in favorable conditions for the patient. It is a mistake to place bone fragments free from the periosteum in their original place in the area of ​​the fracture, since such fragments, not supplied with blood, become dead and turn into sequesters. G. A. Ilizarov’s methods provide a unique opportunity to eliminate defects in bones and soft tissues, as well as to restore the anatomy and function of damaged limbs. In this case, the wound must be closed with local skin, skin-subcutaneous-fascial flaps. In case of crushing of soft tissues, inflow-outflow washing of the postoperative wound is indicated for 1-2 weeks, in the absence of crushing of the tissues, active drainage is sufficient for 48 hours. Before surgery, during and after it (for 2 days), it is necessary to carry out antibacterial treatment. The most effective are gentamicin, oxacillin, lincomycin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam.

This is a disease in which a bony protrusion forms on the heel in the form of a beak or spike and is called a heel spur. The main symptom is acute pain in the heel. Quite often, spur foot disease occurs in people suffering from flat feet, overweight, occurs in athletes and people with spinal diseases. To establish the correct diagnosis, an x-ray is needed. with Crohn's disease;

Excessive load, disruption of compensatory mechanisms. It cannot be considered as an isolated lesion of the articular cartilage - it is a disease of the entire joint.

In osteoarthritis of the knee joints, massage of the lower extremities can be useful, but direct exposure to the diseased joint should be avoided, as this can increase the inflammatory reaction in it. If the process of cartilage wear has not yet gone too far, preparations containing glucosamine sulfate, a natural substance obtained from the shells of marine animals, help. It has a positive effect on cartilage metabolism and improves joint mobility. Official medicine treats arthrosis conservatively or with a surgical operation (joint replacement).

Symptoms. The affected joint is enlarged, it is tense, hot to the touch. There is severe pain, the dog cannot use the limb. The general body temperature rises - above 39.5 ° C. Purulent synovia stands out from the wound of the joint.

Treatment is most effective for mild to moderate disease. They prescribe painkillers (phenylbutazone), drugs that strengthen ligaments and muscles (retabolil, ATP, potassium aratate), conduct physiotherapy.

Symptoms.

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Pain in bones and joints - Modern Medical Encyclopedia

Causes of pain in bones and joints

There are about 245 different bones in the human body. These bones are the supporting frame for soft tissues, most of the muscles are attached to the bones. A joint is a structure that provides a movable articulation of two or more bones. The joint consists of the articular head and articular cavity, covered with cartilage. The ligaments and the joint capsule of the connective tissue keep the joint from displacement. The different location of purulent streaks creates a motley clinical picture, some symptoms of which may be similar to other pathological conditions (appendicitis, rheumatism, coxitis). Some help in the diagnosis can be provided by research Sclerosing osteomyelitis Garre

Osteomyelitis of the bones of the limbs.

Inflammation of the bones

If you decide to self-medicate, remember that all methods can only be used as additional means and only after consultation with your doctor.

Fluid in the joint

helminthiases;

Arthritis

Most often, large supporting joints (knee, hip) suffer.

Arthrosis

The treatment of arthrosis largely depends on which joint is affected and at what stage of the disease it is. The treatment of arthrosis is symptomatic, since science has not yet learned how to reverse the processes in the cartilage. In the treatment, anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapeutic procedures, treatment in sanatoriums in favorable climatic conditions with the use of mineral waters and mud are used. Treatment.​Surgical​

Bone diseases

The fracture occurs as a "green branch" (that is, the bone breaks, and the periosteum does not tear, so there are no fragments). At the time of the fracture, severe pain and lameness occur. Such fractures heal quickly (within 2-3 weeks). There may be several fractures on one limb. On x-ray, the bones appear transparent, with a very thin cortical layer. Such a bone can be cut with ordinary scissors. Pain in the bone or in the joint

Rheumatic diseases

per rectum

- the result of an inflammatory process in long tubular bones (more often in the tibia), which leads to thickening of the bone - osteosclerosis - and obliteration of the medullary cavity (Fig. 3, b). It is characterized by a sluggish course without acute manifestations, in the later stages of the process, arching pain in the bone appears, especially at night, with a slight increase in body temperature, deep palpation of the affected bone is painful. Fistulas do not form. Local causes of osteomyelitis complicating the course of fractures can be primary and secondary. The primary causes include the occurrence of one or more open fractures with an extensive area of ​​damage. A significant role is played by the size and nature of microbial contamination of the wound, the formation of free bone fragments, the protrusion of the ends of bone fragments devoid of periosteum for a large extent, as well as the primary circulatory disturbance due to destruction or compression of the surrounding soft tissues.

Erysipelas on the leg is an infectious disease. Its causative agent is streptococcus erysipelas. The incubation period ranges from several hours to several days. Then there is general weakness and malaise. After that, a sharp deterioration in health occurs: the temperature rises to 40 degrees, chills occur, muscle pain and joint pain are felt. A burning sensation is felt in the leg affected by erysipelas, after a certain time a pink spot with bubbles will appear, which later turn into crusts.

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gluten-sensitive enteropathy, etc.

Bone dysplasia

Most often, older people get sick.

Damage to the growth zone of the bone

Inna Dobrodeeva

• If there is a suspicion of purulent inflammation of the joint, one should not waste time on conservative treatment, this process can be stopped only by timely surgery. The joint cavity is opened, fibrin clots are removed, the cavity is washed with sterile Ringer's solution. Antibiotic therapy is carried out with massive doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics (cephalosporins, ampicillin, gentamicin, etc.). Repeat rinsing if necessary. The wound is left to heal under a bandage. Treatment is given to dogs with severe dysplasia. There are several ways to perform operations up to the replacement of the femoral head with an artificial joint prosthesis.​

Mostly puppies under the age of 6 months get sick.

Chondrodystrophy

often the result of trauma. If you experience pain in several bones or joints in different parts of the body, you can assume the presence of a disease of the skeletal system or some internal disease of the body.

Imperfect bone formation (incomplete osteogenesis)

The disease lasts an average of 6-8 years. The clinical picture may resemble sarcoma. The radiograph reveals a spindle-shaped thickening of the bone with sclerosis of the cortical layer, in some areas - obliteration of the bone marrow cavity.

Secondary causes occur as a result of suppuration along the medullary cavity and bone marrow death, necrosis of the ends of bone fragments, bone exposure due to necrosis of the skin and muscles, secondary regional circulatory disorders in the fracture zone due to edema, thrombosis, lymphostasis, external compression with plaster or other means of immobilization (Fig. 1).

Erysipelas is transmitted by household contact. To avoid this, you should carefully observe personal hygiene.

Naturally, pain in the bones and joints in such diseases occurs as a manifestation of the underlying disease, the source of which is somewhat distant from the supporting apparatus.

Pain when walking or after it, crunching during movement, limitation of mobility and deformation due to the destruction of bone structures.

Alimentary hyperparathyroidism

Arthrosis.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that begins with damage to the cartilage and synovial membrane, gradually spreads to other parts of the joint and leads to joint deformity and loss of function.

• ​table of contents This disease, in its clinical signs, is very similar to another bone disease that is associated with a violation in feeding - alimentary hyperparathyroidism.

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

​Pain can result from an injury, such as a bruise, pressure, distortion, subluxation, dislocation, or fracture. All these injuries are accompanied by damage to the bones or blood vessels. Particularly severe pain occurs if the bone is close to the surface of the skin and is not protected by a muscle and fat layer.

per vaginam.

Treatment

• ​Fig.1.​ Both traditional and non-traditional methods can be used. So, honey is widely used to treat leg diseases. It can be used both internally and externally in the form of compresses.​

The information presented is intended to show that diseases that are completely different in cause and treatment are similar in their manifestations. The osteoarticular apparatus gives almost the same symptoms, which can differ only in severity, chronology of appearance.

Timely and complete treatment helps to maintain a physiological range of motion for a long time.

hip dysplasia

​Differential Rotor​

Often, arthrosis occurs as a result of a violation of the mechanics of the joint due to overloads of individual sections of the cartilage, joint dysplasia is a predisposing factor.

• Osteomyelitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease of all elements of the bone, including the bone marrow, resulting from open injuries of bones and soft tissues. The infection enters the medullary canal as a result of open bone fractures or after unsuccessful operations on the bones.
• The disease can be observed in dogs with excessive intake of phosphorus with food with a relative lack of calcium. This happens when the puppy is fed exclusively meat. The fact is that meat contains little calcium and a lot of phosphorus. A decrease in calcium ions in the blood leads to hypertrophy (increase) of the parathyroid gland, which produces a hormone (parathormone) that promotes calcium leaching from bones.

With bruising and compression, irritation of the periosteum occurs extremely quickly and its inflammation (periostitis) may begin. Inflammation of the bone (osteitis) often occurs with open fractures.

Ankylosis of the hip joint and shortening of the leg on the side of the lesion are common complications. Destructive changes in the pelvic bones on radiographs (Fig. 5) are similar to those in tuberculous lesions, which requires specific tests. The diagnosis and spread of the process is clarified by thermographic studies and especially computed tomography and MRI.

surgical

• Post-traumatic osteomyelitis: a - diagram of post-traumatic osteomyelitis: 1 - soft tissue defects; 2 - exposure and skeletonization of the ends of bone fragments; 3 - foreign bodies; 4 - transformation of free bone fragments into sequesters; 5 - secondary necrosis and sequestration of the ends of the main fragments in a poorly drained purulent cavity; 6 - the spread of the purulent process along the intraosseous fixators; 7 - secondary necrosis of the bone as a result of malnutrition (soft tissue necrosis; thrombosis of the artery supplying the bone); b - radiograph of the lower third of the leg with osteomyelitis; c - fistulography of the lower third of the leg with osteomyelitis; d - CT scan of the lower third of the leg with osteomyelitis Preventing a disease is easier than treating it. Everyone should remember this. Only a correctly diagnosed diagnosis and the right treatment by a doctor is the key to a positive recovery dynamics.​

The difference is in the nuances: in some cases of pathology, the pain is stronger, the swelling is greater, it starts to hurt only after exercise, etc. Even the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment can become a diagnostic criterion. Arthritis

This disease is called "bone-rubber kneecap"! Osteoarthritis may first occur in dogs between 2 and 4 years of age. Large joints are mainly affected: the shoulder and elbow on the front limb and the hip and knee on the back.

Symptoms After an injury or surgery, the body temperature rises to 40 ° C and above, painful swelling occurs around the bone, often pus is released from the wound. If the purulent process in the bone cannot be stopped (interrupted) with the help of antibiotics, then purulent fistulas appear in the skin over the bone, which do not heal for many weeks or months. The dog cannot use the diseased limb.

Osteomyelitis (ostitis)

Symptoms. As with incomplete osteogenesis, the cortical layer of the bones becomes thinner, lameness, spontaneous fractures, and sometimes diarrhea occur. To confirm the diagnosis, an x-ray examination of the bones of the limbs and a biochemical blood test are performed.

When a joint is affected, fluid may accumulate in the joint capsule (altered secretion, often bloody). The fluid expands the capsule, causing joint swelling and pain. The injury may be accompanied by a rupture of the joint capsule. With a lack of articular (synovial) fluid, bone friction against bone occurs, and movements become extremely painful.

• ​Fig. 5.​ Spinal osteomyelitis.
• The incidence of postoperative osteomyelitis has now increased significantly, especially with internal osteosynthesis of multiple fractures, which can be explained by the reduced resistance of the body of those seriously injured from polytrauma in relation to microorganisms.

bone tumors

Small forms of suppuration include local foci of weakly virulent infection in the area of ​​postoperative wounds (sources - hematoma, aseptic marginal necrosis of injured soft tissues, ligatures, foreign bodies), near-pin wounds (permanent microtraumatization, repeated microbial invasions), injection wounds, bedsores from excessive pressure from bone fragments from the inside, plaster bandages from the outside. An increase in the contamination of the wound (the content of microbial bodies over 105 per 1 g of tissue) is a decisive factor in the development of suppuration. In most patients, these complications develop in the early stages - up to 1 month. from the moment of operation, but may occur later. Untimely and non-radical treatment of small forms of suppuration leads to the development of severe purulent processes - abscesses, phlegmon, osteomyelitis.

Diseases of the joints and bones should be treated not only by an orthopedist or traumatologist. The variety of developmental mechanisms and pathological processes makes pathology multidisciplinary. Among the names of medical professions involved in the treatment of such patients, there are rheumatologists, and therapists, and physiotherapists and chiropractors. ​

• Persistent changes in the joints occur against the background of recurrent inflammatory processes. Inflammation can be based on many reasons. This group is characterized by damage to several joints and joints (including small ones), the name is “polyarthritis.” Julia

Symptoms. Clinical signs of the disease develop gradually. Initially, lameness occurs, which intensifies after exertion. Later, bone growths appear in the joint, leading to deformation and stiffness of the joint. These changes are clearly visible on x-rays.

Treatment.

Treatment.

Joint diseases

Arthritis (inflammation of the joint) can be acute or chronic. Simultaneous or sequential inflammation of several joints is called polyarthritis. In this case, inflammation begins in the joint capsule that produces fluid. The joint swells, becomes painful and hot, its mobility is disturbed. Inflammation can also affect the protective cartilage that covers the articular surfaces, the damage to which progresses especially rapidly. At the same time, an excess of bone tissue is formed at the unprotected ends of the bones, causing the occurrence of ankylosis (joint immobility). Other possible causes of arthritis are the penetration of pathogens from other foci of infection.

Purulent arthritis

Osteomyelitis of the pelvis: a - radiography; b - computed tomography; c - fistulography

Causes: The so-called pin osteomyelitis with single fractures is rare. Most often, it occurs when the needle is passed through the tubercle of the calcaneus, rarely - when it is passed through the tuberosity of the tibia. Severe widespread osteomyelitic process in debilitated patients can occur in the meta-epiphysis of the femur with suppuration of the tissues around the pin (Fig. 2). As a result, patients may develop large purulent cavities, for which local materials may not be enough to replace. Self-diagnosis, not to mention self-treatment, can be dangerous.​ Middle-aged people are susceptible to diseases, in short, as I understand it, you are talking about gonarthrosis. the current there the articular surfaces of the thigh and b / tibia rub. medical treatment, administration of substances intramuscularly, intravenously, intravascularly. There are a lot of drugs, both expensive and not so much. anti-inflammatory drugs that stimulate cartilage growth. plus massage, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, traction. Current before treatment, you need to take a picture and see what degree. the first and partially the second are treatable. and the third leads to disability and joint replacement. ​Treatment and prevention.​

Apply massive doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics (cephalosporins, LINCOMYCIN, chloramphenicol). If antibiotic therapy does not lead to a cure within a few days, the wound is inspected, all non-viable tissues are removed, and drains are installed if necessary. Very good results are obtained by intraosseous administration of antibiotics.

• It consists in giving the dog rest (keeping in a cage, etc.) and changing the diet (eliminating meat, replacing it with offal). In severe cases, calcium gluconate is administered intravenously. Arthrosis - chronic

Arthrosis (deforming chronic inflammation of the joint)

Treatment.

Open and gunshot fractures, orthograde metastasis in infectious diseases (stomatitis, tonsillitis, influenza, etc.).

​Fig. 2.​

Patients complain of local intense pain in the first 2 days after surgery or injury, pronounced swelling, signs of general intoxication (toxic-resorptive fever with temperature rises up to 38-40 ° C in the evenings, tachycardia, tachypnea, chills) are detected. Characterized by complaints of headache, insomnia, sweating, irritability, increased fatigue, painful, unpleasant sensations without a specific localization. Severe intoxication is indicated by apathy, depression, the appearance of visual and auditory hallucinations. Persistent anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilic shift in the leukocyte formula to the left, lymphocytopenia, monocytosis, and increased ESR are found in the blood. Hematomas can open spontaneously within 1 week. after the onset of clinical signs, however, they must be removed surgically at an earlier date. Infectious complications should be expected after prolonged operations (more than 11/​

• Since ancient times, it has been believed that the state of health of the limbs can be judged on the state of human health as a whole. Leg pain is experienced by many people throughout their lives. It is necessary to diagnose the cause of this as soon as possible, since leg diseases weaken the work of the heart, kidneys, liver and other internal organs. Swelling, stiffness, pain are not associated with exercise. More often found fluid accumulation, involvement in the process of the joint capsule and ligaments. Deformation develops more slowly, due to damage to soft tissue structures and cartilage.

Cut-off osteochondrosis

Oksana Kinkova

Unfortunately, arthritis cannot be cured. Anti-inflammatory painkillers (phenylbutazone) are used to reduce pain. Glucocorticoids should be used with great caution, as they contribute to the further destruction of cartilage (intra-articular injections of long-acting corticosteroids are especially dangerous). Preparations of hyaluronic acid and mucopolysaccharides (adequan, arteporon, rumalon, gelakan) can significantly slow down the development of arthrosis and improve the clinical picture. In addition, overload of the diseased joint is excluded, in some cases, a surgical operation (osteotomy, arthrodesis, prosthetics) can help. Physiotherapeutic treatment is widely used (heating, massage, dorsonval currents, etc.). Prevention consists in the timely, proper treatment of joint damage.

• The occurrence of this disease is predisposed to a too high-calorie and protein-rich diet, as well as the simultaneous excess intake of vitamin D and phosphorus with food. Joint disease

Osteochondropathy (aseptic necrosis) of the femoral head

In the acute stage, it is necessary to open the abscess (phlegmon) and actively drain the purulent cavity using constant washing with antiseptic solutions.

Signs.

• Scheme of pin osteomyelitis: a - inflammatory infiltration of soft tissues; b - the formation of phlegmon around the spokes; c - the formation of purulent leakage; d - necrosis of bone tissue along the wire with the formation of small sequesters (including tubular ones); e - the spread of purulent inflammation through the bone marrow canal, the development of osteomyelitis

dogs.lv

what is the disease called? what is the name of the disease when the bones rub against the kneecap??

In medicine, there are several categories of leg diseases: vascular, muscular, neurological, as well as diseases of bone tissues and joints.
The prognosis in some cases is serious.
arthrosis. the joint is destroyed.
This disease of the articular cartilage is characterized by the fact that, due to lack of blood circulation, a small area of ​​the bone is destroyed, the cartilage above this area exfoliates, fragments and turns into a cartilaginous plate (articular mouse) lying freely in the joint cavity. This disease affects strictly defined places on the limbs: the head of the humerus (shoulder joint), the medial block of the humerus (elbow joint), the distal part of the femur (knee joint), the medial crest of the talus (hock joint).
Bone tumors in dogs in most cases are malignant, with a tendency to metastasize. Bone tumors occur mainly in dogs of large breeds (greatest dogs, black terriers, Central Asian shepherd dogs, etc.), in males somewhat more often than in females. The humerus and radius in the forelimb and the femur and tibia in the hind limb are predominantly affected. Often, tumors begin to grow at the site of a former fracture or after a bruised bone. As a rule, older dogs (after 5-6 years) get sick.
Puppies of large breeds are ill at the age of 3 to 6 months.
associated with age-related changes in articulating surfaces; characterized by severe pain. First, cartilage tissue is affected due to abrasion and wear of the joint. It usually occurs when the load on the joint is incorrect and too much, as well as when the ability of the joint to bear loads is reduced. Then the bone tissue is affected. Arthrosis can also occur as a result of spondylosis (a chronic disease of the spine, manifested in spiny growths of bone tissue along the edges of the vertebral bodies).
The final treatment complex includes the elimination of the focus of osteomyelitis, antibacterial and immunotherapy, restorative agents.
The clinical picture of general intoxication of the body, pain in the affected spine, forced (pain) position of the body (antalgic posture), a sharp restriction of the mobility of the spine, local sharp pain when tapping on the spinous process of the affected vertebra and when squeezing the spine along the axis are revealed. Depending on the location of purulent streaks, pain can radiate to the retrosternal region (pericarditis symptoms), abdomen (peritonitis symptoms), sacrum (psoitis symptoms), hip joints (coxitis symptoms).

Significantly more often (11.2% of cases) the development of osteomyelitis is noted when using external fixation devices. The spokes that connect the bone with the external fastening elements are a potential gateway for infection to penetrate tissues, including the bone marrow.​

h), severe surgical blood loss (more than 0.5 l), traumatic interventions, the use of biological and synthetic materials, in the presence of concomitant diseases (diabetes, respiratory, chronic gastrointestinal diseases, stomatitis, caries, etc.).

The most common are vascular diseases of the legs. Such diseases are also manifested at a young age, often at first they occur without obvious symptoms, but then they progress rapidly and in advanced form lead to amputation of the limb. You should be wary if you feel heaviness in the legs and swelling is visible on them. The symptoms are aggravated in the evening, and decrease in the morning. Doctors call the cause of this type of disease an unhealthy lifestyle, bad habits, unhealthy diet, and overweight.

Osteochondropathy

camilla

Dogs of large breeds are ill at the age of 4-8 months. The cause of this disease is presumably the rapid growth and overload of bones and cartilage.

Symptoms. Lameness in a dog occurs even before the appearance of visible changes in the bones. Lameness is permanent, the appointment of painkillers helps little. When feeling the bone, you can find a local painful area. Later, on x-rays, rarefaction of bone tissue is detected. If metastases occur in the lungs, the general condition of the dog worsens (exhaustion, lack of appetite). The dog begins to experience severe pain, often moans and howls at night.

Symptoms. The disease is characterized by lameness, painful flattening and bone growths in the epiphysis. Externally, the carpal and elbow joints on the forelimbs and knee joints on the hind limbs are enlarged. Diarrhea may occur, the temperature is unstable, the animal refuses to feed.

Bone diseases

Radical treatment of the focus of osteomyelitis with resection of the affected pelvic bone is performed in the chronic stage, not earlier than 6 months. after persistent healing of fistulas. The resulting cavities in the bones and soft tissues are filled with autoplastic (bone, muscle on a feeding leg) or allogeneic (demineralized bone grafts, biomass from demineralized bone tissue, etc.) material.

Other joint diseases

To understand what diseases of the joints are, it is necessary to study their working classification. Diseases are combined into certain groups depending on the cause and mechanism of development. All pathologies have a different clinical picture and the severity of symptoms, the individual nature of the course and complications. Consider what are the diseases of the joints of the legs and their treatment.

Types of diseases

For ease of diagnosis, each disease has its own classification. If we combine all diseases of the joints of the legs into a single protocol, then several groups of pathologies will be formed that differ in a number of ways. For ease of study, they are divided into four main groups.

Working classification of joint diseases:

• Arthritis - in these inflammatory diseases of the joints, inflammation predominates with the gradual destruction of cartilage;
• Arthrosis is the most dangerous. They are characterized by destruction without signs of inflammation. There is a death of tissues with their subsequent deformation;
• Special forms - this group includes oncological diseases of the joints, congenital pathologies, psychogenic disorders with impaired motor activity;
• Arthritis and arthrosis associated with systemic diseases manifest as complications of major diseases (leukemia, hemophilia, serum sickness, capillary toxicosis, Sjögren-Behçet syndrome).

Often there are diseases of the bones and joints that occur together.

Arthritis

Arthritis is called inflammation of the joint, with the development of edema, pain and impaired function. Often, pathologies occur under the influence of infectious agents that provoked inflammation - in this case, we will talk about infectious arthritis.

Sometimes the disease develops as an autoimmune disease - a disorder of the immune system that mistakenly attacks healthy connective tissue. Such pathologies are characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis. If the disease arose a second time, after an infection, then they talk about reactive arthritis.

Interesting!

According to ICD 10, arthritis goes under the code M 00-25, depending on the type of disease.

The main causes of the development of arthritis:

• Infections - with direct contact with the joint or with blood flow;
• Ligament or cartilage injuries;
• Immune disorders;
• congenital anomalies;
• Changes in the body.

Clinical picture

Arthritis is the most common joint problem that occurs in most patients. The pathogenesis is characterized by damage to the connective tissue, which contributes to the expansion of blood vessels to ensure healing processes. The liquid part of the blood enters the interstitial space and edema is formed.

Such changes in the joints lead to limited mobility, the appearance of pain, which intensifies during movement or under the influence of load. The most dangerous are purulent arthritis, in which inflammation is accompanied by the appearance of pus. This form is accompanied by severe soreness, which is aggravated by touching the affected area. Arthritis is often a disease of the joints of the foot and lower limb.

How to recognize arthritis

Externally, there is swelling and redness of the affected joint, a local increase in temperature. In severe cases, the development of contracture is noted - when it is impossible to perform flexion or extension.

X-ray examination is the second key point in the diagnosis of the disease. X-rays show signs of inflammation - a decrease in the joint space, foci of destruction. In the chronic form of arthritis, blackouts appear, indicating mineral deposits on the surface of the cartilage.

Forecast

With timely treatment, most diseases can be cured without surgery. Some arthritis require ongoing supportive care.

Gout

Gout is a disease characterized by the development of arthritis against the background of disorders of purine metabolism. Pathology is referred to as diseases of the joints of the foot, since by their defeat one can judge the first signs of the disease. Later, the rest of the joints of the upper and lower extremities are involved in the clinical picture.

Interesting!

Despite the fact that the disease belongs to arthritis, it is isolated in a separate block due to the characteristics of the course.

Gout develops most often in men after 40 years of age and in women in menopause.

The mechanism of gout development is the deposition of uric acid salts in the connective tissue. There are two reasons for this disorder:

• Genetic predisposition due to a violation of purine metabolism;
• Against the background of aggravated heredity, the disease can be provoked by age-related changes, as well as overeating, alcohol abuse and smoking.

According to ICD 10, gout is designated by the code M10, the final designation is set depending on the form of the disease.

Clinical picture

The disease begins with dysfunction of the joints of the legs. First of all, the big toe is affected, then the disease spreads to the ankle, other arthritis appear.

The main symptoms of gout are:

• Increase in body temperature;
• severe joint pain;
• Mobility disorder;
• In the affected area, specific nodules are formed that become inflamed, increasing pain;
• At the final stage - the appearance of purine kidney stones and joint deformity.

Symptoms vary in men and women. In the fair sex, the symptoms are aggravated by a feeling of weakness, malaise, increased irritability. Men are characterized by an attack of gout, which is expressed in severe, excruciating pain that appears in the morning or at night. During an attack, the joint is swollen and painful.

How to recognize gout

It is possible to detect pathology in the early stages of the disease. Externally, the joint is edematous, red. In the affected area, under the skin, white nodules called. The latter can be inflamed, or white in color, of a dense consistency.

When x-rays, there is a narrowing of the joint space, indicating the presence of inflammation, as well as areas of blackout, characteristic of uric acid deposits. In the later stages of the disease, there are signs of deformation in the form of deviation of the bone surfaces from the physiological axis.

Forecast

Gout is a dangerous disease that can lead not only to deformation of the limbs, but also to systemic lesions in the form of urolithiasis and salt deposits in internal organs. If untreated, the prognosis is poor, life-threatening.

Arthrosis

Arthrosis is a degenerative dystrophic disease of the joints, in which the connective tissue is destroyed without signs of inflammation. According to ICD 10, these diseases correspond to the code M15-M19, depending on the form of pathology.

Arthrosis is dangerous for its complications, because it has a strong destructive effect on the joint, causing its deformation.

The most common causes of arthritis are:

• Autoimmune damage to the connective tissue;
• Frequent injuries and overstrain of the lower extremities;
• Metabolic disorders;
• Inflammatory changes in some diseases;
• Congenital anomalies of development;
• Destructive-dystrophic conditions;
• Some anemia.

Risk factors for arthrosis:

• Obesity or overweight;
• Professional sports, features of labor activity associated with a load on the legs;
• Frequent hypothermia and SARS;
• Burdened heredity for diseases of the musculoskeletal system;
• Age adjustments;
• Avitaminosis, smoking and alcohol.

Clinical picture

Pain is the main symptom. A distinctive moment of how the joints on the legs hurt with arthrosis is the absence of inflammation. Edema joins later. Soreness greatly hinders movement, especially in the later stages of pathology. There is a violation of gait, because when weight is transferred to the affected limb, an attack of pain occurs. Arthrosis, unlike arthritis, leads to deformity and disability faster.

There are three stages of the course of arthrosis:

• I - soreness appears only during physical exertion, disappears during rest. There are no pronounced deformations;
• II - pain can occur at rest, increases with physical exertion. The first signs of joint deformity appear, and small edema may appear. There is a violation of mobility, lameness appears;
• III - severe pain at rest, complete lack of mobility, up to the development of contracture. Edema, redness, pronounced deformations are noted. At this stage, urgent surgical intervention is indicated.

Of all the lesions of the lower limb, the following forms of arthrosis are most common:

• Coxarthrosis is a lesion of the hip joint. A serious disease, accompanied by pain in the hip region, the inability to move without lameness. With a strong progression of the pathology, severe pain is noted during axial load on the diseased limb;
• Gonarthrosis - when the disease affects the knee joint, there is swelling, severe pain, which increases with maximum flexion and extension, as well as when turning the lower leg.

How to recognize arthrosis

On external examination, the joint is tense, painful, the skin is red, may be edematous. In the later stages, contracture and deformity are noted.

Radiological signs of arthrosis are foci of compaction of the connective tissue, indicating the presence of mineral deposits, as well as the appearance of areas of ossification. In the later stages, one can observe the fusion of the articular surfaces, manifested by the blurring of the border between them.

Forecast

The patient will have to put up with arthrosis all his life, being on maintenance therapy. It is impossible to completely cure the joints with this pathology. If nothing is done, disability or surgery is inevitable.

Other diseases of the joints of the lower limb

Consider separately some diseases that affect the connective tissue. The pathologies under consideration affect the periarticular tissues, causing inflammation in them. Congenital diseases are congenital malformations that require surgical treatment.

Bursitis and synovitis

Bursitis is called inflammation of the articular bag, synovitis - its inner lining. Diseases are accompanied by inflammation, swelling and pain. Pathologies can develop with an infectious lesion, as well as with immune attacks of connective tissue cells. Patients complain of pain in the joint, which, with severe edema, can be bursting. The skin over the affected area is red, edematous, there is a local increase in temperature. For diagnostics, MRI is informative, on which signs of inflammation are recorded.

Tendinitis

Inflammatory damage to the tendons, muscles that spread over the joint, is called tendonitis. The clinical picture is similar to bursitis, but the difference lies in the appearance of pain when the tendon is strained (if the disease has affected the Achilles tendon, pain occurs when the foot is bent or standing on tiptoe). To accurately determine the cause of the disease, it is necessary to undergo an MRI or ultrasound of the affected area.

With inflammation of the periarticular tissues, it is pointless to do an x-ray, since it shows changes in the bone elements.

hip dysplasia

This disease refers to congenital developmental anomalies, characterized by underdevelopment of the hip joint with the possible development of its subluxations.

According to ICD 10, this pathology is designated by the code Q65, depending on the type of lesion.

The disease may not immediately manifest itself - the degree of development of the anomaly plays a decisive role. Some children have periodic gait disturbances against the background of moderate exercise, while others have constant lameness. During an external examination, the doctor can detect a shortening of one of the limbs and signs of deformity. The disease requires careful orthopedic treatment, in severe cases - surgery.

Differential diagnosis of joint diseases

Despite the many diseases, it will not be difficult for a competent doctor to determine a specific articular pathology. To conduct a differential diagnosis, they are guided by the data of a general examination of the patient, the doctor identifies the location of the lesion, determines the alleged pathology. Instrumental methods allow you to determine the exact disease:

• X-ray - perfectly displays bone structures, revealing developmental anomalies. This method shows indirect signs of arthritis, arthrosis;
• MRI - allows you to determine signs of inflammation in soft tissues: identify synovitis, tendinitis, and also distinguish arthritis from arthrosis;
• A complete blood count shows signs of inflammation in the body, as well as the presence of some systemic diseases that have become the causes of arthritis.

Fundamentals of treatment

Treatment of joint diseases is aimed at relieving inflammation, eliminating the cause of the underlying disease and restoring the health of the affected limb.

Treatment of the joints of the legs includes:

• Symptomatic therapy - the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroids. Hormonal drugs for severe pain are prescribed in the form of intra-articular injections;
• To restore cartilage - taking chondroprotectors.
• For the treatment of the underlying disease, the use of appropriate drugs (antibiotics, basic anti-inflammatory drugs, urinary metabolism inhibitors).

After eliminating the symptoms, they begin to strengthen the ligamentous apparatus. This treatment includes:

• Physiotherapy (electrophoresis, UHF, laser therapy, magnetotherapy);
• Massage;
• Manual therapy.

In advanced forms or with a number of developmental anomalies that violate functions, surgical treatment is indicated. The rehabilitation period includes the use of antibiotics, a course of therapeutic exercises, physiotherapy and massage.

Prevention

Prevention of joint diseases involves regular exercise, but without obvious overloads. It is recommended to maintain a healthy lifestyle, adherence to proper nutrition, work and rest regimen.

Joint diseases combine numerous groups of pathologies of an inflammatory and dystrophic nature, as well as developmental anomalies. The most dangerous are arthrosis, as well as congenital developmental anomalies. Regular therapy can cure some diseases, and in severe pathologies, achieve a state of stable remission.

11386 0

Small forms of suppuration

Small forms of suppuration include local foci of weakly virulent infection in the area of ​​postoperative wounds (sources - hematoma, aseptic marginal necrosis of injured soft tissues, ligatures, foreign bodies), peri-pin wounds (permanent microtraumatization, repeated microbial invasions), injection wounds, bedsores from excessive pressure from bone fragments from the inside, plaster bandages from the outside. An increase in the contamination of the wound (the content of microbial bodies over 10 5 per 1 g of tissue) is a decisive factor in the development of suppuration. In most patients, these complications develop in the early stages - up to 1 month. from the moment of operation, but may occur later. Untimely and non-radical treatment of small forms of suppuration leads to the development of severe purulent processes - abscesses, phlegmon, osteomyelitis.

Signs. Patients complain of local intense pain in the first 2 days after surgery or injury, marked swelling, signs of general intoxication (toxic-resorptive fever with temperature rises up to 38-40 ° C in the evenings, tachycardia, tachypnea, chills) are detected. Characterized by complaints of headache, insomnia, sweating, irritability, increased fatigue, painful, unpleasant sensations without a specific localization. Severe intoxication is indicated by apathy, depression, the appearance of visual and auditory hallucinations. Persistent anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilic shift in the leukocyte formula to the left, lymphocytopenia, monocytosis, and increased ESR are found in the blood. Hematomas can open spontaneously within 1 week. after the onset of clinical signs, however, they must be removed surgically at an earlier date. Infectious complications should be expected after prolonged operations (more than 1 1/2 hours), severe surgical blood loss (more than 0.5 l), traumatic interventions, the use of biological and synthetic materials, in the presence of concomitant diseases (diabetes, respiratory, chronic gastrointestinal diseases, stomatitis, caries, etc.).

Treatment postoperative hematomas should be early, complex, radical. Against the background of active detoxification under general anesthesia, a hematoma is widely opened (after its preliminary contrasting with methylene blue or brilliant green solutions), a thorough revision of the wound is carried out, focusing on stained tissues, non-viable tissues are removed, the wound cavity is abundantly washed with antiseptic solutions, treated with ultrasound, irradiated with a laser, vacuumed. The issues of preservation or removal of structures (rods, screws, plates, endoprostheses) are decided individually. The wound is sutured tightly after excision of the edges, leaving drains for active drainage and flow-through washing for 1-2 weeks. In the postoperative period, active antibacterial, restorative treatment is carried out. Until the wound heals, the limb is immobilized with a plaster splint.

Treatment inflammation of the pin wounds carried out according to the rules of purulent surgery. At the first signs (swelling, redness, pain, increased local temperature), the skin and subcutaneous tissue around the wire are infiltrated with novocaine with antibiotics and dissected longitudinally by at least 3 cm. The wound is treated with antiseptic solutions and powdered sorbents (gelevin, coal) are poured into it, and in their absence, gauze swabs with hypertonic (10%) sodium chloride solution are introduced, which are changed twice a day . Usually within 2 days the inflammatory process stops, the wound heals by the 7-8th day. If it is not possible to eliminate the inflammation of the soft tissues in 2-3 days, purulent discharge from the wound and the general reaction of the body appear, then the needle is removed and a wide drainage is performed through both needle skin holes. Assign general and local antibacterial treatment, ultraviolet radiation, laser and magnetotherapy.

Ligature fistulas appear after opening with scanty, but persistent serous-purulent secretions, can spontaneously close after the thread leaves. Being a potential cause of the development of severe purulent processes, ligature fistulas require early surgical intervention. Obligatory x-ray studies with contrasting and staining of fistulous passages before surgery.

Treatment bedsores consists in increasing the general reactivity of the body (blood transfusion, administration of protein preparations, vitamins, anabolic steroids, immunostimulants) and stimulation of local regeneration processes by exposure to pathological and border tissues with proteolytic enzymes (chymotrypsin, terrilitin), antiseptic solutions, water-soluble ointments (Levosin, Levomikol), laser irradiation, UV radiation. With a large area of ​​the bedsore, free and non-free skin plasty is shown.

Prevention of purulent complications of open fractures. Primary surgical treatment of the wound should be carried out within 4-6 hours after the injury. Each hour of delay in surgery increases the likelihood of suppuration and osteomyelitis. The treatment of the main bone fragments consists in mechanical cleaning of their ends, removal of plugs from the bone marrow canals, consisting of bone fragments and crushed soft tissues, washing the bone wound with a large amount of antiseptic solutions with ultrasound. Small fragments are usually removed, medium and large ones, not associated with soft tissues, are removed, cleaned, placed for several minutes in a saturated solution of antiseptics, and then in an isotonic (0.9%) solution of sodium chloride with antibiotics (for example, 2 million units of kanamycin per 100 ml of solution).

After reposition and fixation of the main fragments, the fragments are placed so that the muscles completely isolate them from the surface tissues. For this, you can use myoplasty. Fragments associated with soft tissues are treated in the same way as the main bone fragments. It is advisable to place large free-lying fragments immediately into intact muscle tissue (preferably in the region of the proximal main fragment), and after 2-4 weeks. transport them with the help of the apparatus according to the method of G. A. Ilizarov to the fracture site or use them during a reconstructive operation carried out in favorable conditions for the patient. It is a mistake to place bone fragments free from the periosteum in their original place in the area of ​​the fracture, since such fragments, not supplied with blood, become dead and turn into sequesters. G. A. Ilizarov’s methods provide a unique opportunity to eliminate defects in bones and soft tissues, as well as to restore the anatomy and function of damaged limbs. In this case, the wound must be closed with local skin, skin-subcutaneous-fascial flaps. In case of crushing of soft tissues, inflow-outflow washing of the postoperative wound is indicated for 1-2 weeks; in the absence of crushing of tissues, active drainage is sufficient for 48 hours. Before surgery, during and after it (for 2 days), it is necessary to carry out antibacterial treatment. The most effective are gentamicin, oxacillin, lincomycin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam.

Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis of the bones of the extremities. Local causes of osteomyelitis complicating the course of fractures can be primary and secondary. The primary causes include the occurrence of one or more open fractures with an extensive area of ​​damage. A significant role is played by the size and nature of microbial contamination of the wound, the formation of free bone fragments, the protrusion of the ends of bone fragments devoid of periosteum for a large extent, as well as the primary circulatory disorder due to destruction or compression of the surrounding soft tissues.

Secondary causes arise as a result of suppuration along the medullary cavity and bone marrow death, necrosis of the ends of bone fragments, bone exposure due to necrosis of the skin and muscles, secondary regional circulatory disorders in the fracture zone due to edema, thrombosis, lymphostasis, external compression with gypsum or other means of immobilization (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Post-traumatic osteomyelitis: a — diagram of post-traumatic osteomyelitis: 1 — soft tissue defects; 2 - exposure and skeletonization of the ends of bone fragments; 3 - foreign bodies; 4 - transformation of free bone fragments into sequesters; 5 - secondary necrosis and sequestration of the ends of the main fragments in a poorly drained purulent cavity; 6 - the spread of the purulent process along the intraosseous fixators; 7 - secondary necrosis of the bone as a result of malnutrition (soft tissue necrosis; thrombosis of the artery supplying the bone); b - radiograph of the lower third of the leg with osteomyelitis; c — fistulography of the lower third of the leg in osteomyelitis; d — CT scan of the lower third of the leg in osteomyelitis

The incidence of postoperative osteomyelitis has now increased significantly, especially with internal osteosynthesis of multiple fractures, which can be explained by the reduced resistance of the body of those seriously injured from polytrauma in relation to microorganisms.

The so-called spoke osteomyelitis with single fractures is rare. Most often, it occurs when the needle is passed through the tubercle of the calcaneus, rarely - when it is passed through the tuberosity of the tibia. Severe widespread osteomyelitic process in debilitated patients can occur in the meta-epiphysis of the femur with suppuration of the tissues around the pin (Fig. 2). As a result, large purulent cavities may form in patients, for the replacement of which local materials may not be enough.

Rice. 2. Scheme of pin osteomyelitis: a — inflammatory infiltration of soft tissues; b - the formation of phlegmon around the spokes; in — formation of a purulent flow; d — necrosis of bone tissue along the wire with the formation of small sequesters (including tubular ones); e - the spread of purulent inflammation through the bone marrow canal, the development of osteomyelitis

Significantly more often (11.2% of cases) osteomyelitis develops when using external fixation devices. The spokes that connect the bone with the external fastening elements are a potential gateway for infection to penetrate tissues, including the bone marrow.

As with other forms of osteomyelitis, with its pinned form, the purulent process is supported by foci of osteonecrosis. Their features are insignificant size, multiplicity and ambiguity of localization. Repeatedly in the fistula at the site of the pin, ring-shaped bone sequesters are found, the search and removal of which are much more difficult. Pin osteomyelitis before the spread of suppuration in the bone marrow cavity gives a picture of a kind of "cortical" osteomyelitis.

To identify foci of necrosis, various types of radiography are successfully used: sighting images with image magnification, images with a probe in fistulas and fistulography. Mandatory radiography with the capture of the entire array of soft tissues to identify torn sequesters and the spread of fistulous labyrinths (with fistulography). Diagnostic possibilities are greatly expanded by computed tomography. The final diagnosis of osteomyelitis can be made by combining the presence of non-healing fistulas or periodic exacerbations of purulent inflammation of the tissues with the corresponding x-ray picture (the presence of cavities in the bones or sequesters).

Treatment of acute forms of osteomyelitis consists in a wide opening of abscesses and pus leaks into soft tissues with sufficient drainage and ensuring the outflow of pus under the action of gravity. The final treatment consists in radical surgical treatment of the focus of osteomyelitis, followed by muscle and bone grafting.

The persistent course of the osteomyelitic process forces surgeons to look for new and improve known means and methods of exposure, both local and general. In recent years, much attention has been paid to bone grafting of osteomyelitic cavities, filling cavities with artificial materials with antibiotics, prolonged washing of cavities with antiseptic and electrochemically activated solutions, the use of oxygen barotherapy, selective antibacterial treatment and immunotherapy, and the use of gravitational surgery methods.

Abscess Brody - limited hematogenous osteomyelitis, which looks like a solitary bone abscess (Fig. 3, a). The abscess cavity is filled with granulations, pus or serous fluid, surrounded by a pyogenic membrane. The adjacent parts of the bone are sclerotic, the periosteum is thickened.

Causes: infection by hematogenous route, the main causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus. More often observed in young men.

Rice. 3. Brodie's abscess (a) and Garre's osteomyelitis (b)

Signs. Localization - metaepiphyses of the tibia, radius, femur and humerus. It is clinically characterized by a long-term course with rare exacerbations without a pronounced increase in body temperature. Patients complain of pain that worsens at night. Above the abscess, the tissues are painful, thickened, the skin is moderately hyperemic. The radiograph shows a round or oval, sharply limited focal rarefaction, surrounded by a sclerotic rim, sometimes with a small sequester in the center.

Treatment. Spontaneous healing may be observed, but a subperiosteal abscess (manifested by acute inflammation and excessive pain) may form with a breakthrough of pus into the soft tissues and out through the skin with the formation of fistulas. Surgical treatment.

Sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garre- the result of an inflammatory process in long tubular bones (more often in the tibia), which leads to thickening of the bone - osteosclerosis - and obliteration of the medullary cavity (Fig. 3, b). It is characterized by a sluggish course without acute manifestations, in the later stages of the process, arching pain in the bone appears, especially at night, with a slight increase in body temperature, deep palpation of the affected bone is painful. Fistulas are not formed.

The disease lasts an average of 6-8 years. The clinical picture may resemble sarcoma. The radiograph reveals a spindle-shaped thickening of the bone with sclerosis of the cortical layer, in some areas - obliteration of the medullary cavity.

Treatment surgical.

Causes: open and gunshot fractures, orthograde metastasis in infectious diseases (stomatitis, tonsillitis, influenza, etc.).

Signs. The clinical picture of general intoxication of the organism, pain syndrome in the affected spine, forced (pain) position of the body (antalgic posture), sharp limitation of spine mobility, local sharp pain when tapping on the spinous process of the affected vertebra and when squeezing the spine along the axis are revealed. Depending on the localization of purulent streaks, pain can radiate to the retrosternal region (symptoms of pericarditis), abdomen (symptoms of peritonitis), sacrum (symptoms of psoitis), hip joints (symptoms of coxitis).

The presence of radicular pain and paresthesia help to clarify the localization of the pathological focus. Asymmetric tension of the back muscles indicates a local accumulation of pus.

X-rays show destruction and wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebral body with kyphotic and scoliotic deformity of the spine (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4.

Clarify the diagnosis after fistulography (with fistulous form) and especially after computed tomography and MRI.

Surgical treatment in combination with powerful antibacterial and restorative treatment. In case of an open course, an opening of a purulent streak (abscess, phlegmon) and active drainage with flow-through washing of cavities in soft tissues and a focus of osteomyelitis are shown. In a chronic course, a radical treatment of the osteomyelitic focus in the vertebra is performed, followed by bone or muscle autoplasty.

Stabilization of the spine is carried out using various techniques, often posterior fusion.

Causes: bruises and fractures of the pelvis with damage to internal organs, open and gunshot fractures, orthograde metastasis in inflammatory diseases of the genital and other intrapelvic organs, pustular skin lesions, furunculosis, tonsillitis, as well as in septic conditions of various etiologies.

The ilium, sacroiliac joint are most often affected, less often the pubic and ischial bones.

Signs. Subacute and chronic development of the disease, dull pains in the iliac, gluteal regions, in the thigh, hip joint or in the entire half of the pelvis with irradiation to the sacrum, lower back, and lower abdomen are noted. The pains periodically increase, forcing patients to lie in an unusual position.

In a chronic course, the pain syndrome increases when walking (limping is pronounced), squatting, bending the torso. Positive symptoms characteristic of pelvic fractures are revealed. The accumulation of pus, phlegmon appear as tumor-like formations on the inner or outer surface along the iliac crest, in the buttocks, lower back, groin, upper third of the thigh. The breakthrough of phlegmon and the formation of fistulas facilitate diagnosis.

The different location of purulent streaks creates a motley clinical picture, some symptoms of which may be similar to other pathological conditions (appendicitis, rheumatism, coxitis). Research can provide some help in the diagnosis. per rectum And per vaginam. Frequent complications are ankylosis of the hip joint and shortening of the leg on the side of the lesion. Destructive changes in the pelvic bones on radiographs (Fig. 5) are similar to those in tuberculous lesions, which requires specific tests. Diagnosis and distribution of the process is clarified by thermographic studies and especially by computed tomography and MRI.

Rice. 5. Osteomyelitis of the pelvis: a — radiography; b — computed tomography; c — fistulography

Treatment. In the acute stage, it is necessary to open the abscess (phlegmon) and actively drain the purulent cavity using constant washing with antiseptic solutions.

The final therapeutic complex includes the elimination of the focus of osteomyelitis, antibacterial and immunotherapy, restorative agents.

Radical treatment of the focus of osteomyelitis with resection of the affected pelvic bone is performed in the chronic stage, not earlier than 6 months. after persistent healing of fistulas. The resulting cavities in the bones and soft tissues are filled with autoplastic (bone, muscle on a feeding leg) or allogeneic (demineralized bone grafts, biomass from demineralized bone tissue, etc.) material.

Orthopedic treatment is mainly aimed at eliminating the vicious positions of the lower extremities and improving the musculoskeletal function of patients.

Electrotherapy, magnetic and ultrasound therapy, local and general UVR, UVR of blood, laser irradiation, hemosorption, and barotherapy are actively used.

Pyogenic arthritis

Causes: open intra- and periarticular fractures, inflammatory processes in the periarticular tissues, osteomyelitis of the articulating bones.

Signs: sudden acute pain in the area of ​​the joint, violation of its function, forced (painful) flexion contracture, increase in volume, signs of effusion, local fever, hyperemia, clinical picture of general intoxication of the body. Obtaining a purulent effusion during puncture of the joint confirms the diagnosis.

On the roentgenogram of the joint in the first days, the expansion of the joint space is determined, later (after 1-2 weeks) - patchy osteoporosis of the articular ends of the bones, foci of destruction in the epiphyses, "corrodedness" of the contours of the articular surfaces.

Treatment. If the development of purulent arthritis is suspected, the patient is immobilized with a limb, injected with painkillers and sent to the hospital by ambulance.

In polyclinic conditions, patients with purulent arthritis of the interphalangeal joints are treated.

Non-surgical treatment includes immobilization of the joint, therapeutic punctures with the removal of purulent exudate and washing the joint cavity with solutions of antiseptics, antibiotics, enzymes. General antibiotic treatment is mandatory.

With the progression of the purulent process, a wide arthrotomy and surgical debridement are performed; if indicated, resection of the articular ends, amputation of the limb.

Subsequent rehabilitation is aimed at eliminating contractures and restoring the musculoskeletal function of the limb (exercise therapy, massage, mechanotherapy, physical methods of treatment).

Traumatology and orthopedics. N. V. Kornilov

The musculoskeletal system is a rather complex system, all parts of which are closely interconnected. The normal functioning of bones, joints and muscles plays a particularly important role in maintaining the performance of our body. Accordingly, any disturbances in the activity of the musculoskeletal system quickly make themselves felt, worsen the state of health and interfere with normal activity. Quite dangerous diseases of the musculoskeletal system include infections of the bones and joints, we will consider the symptoms and treatment of infections of the bones and joints in a little more detail.

Bone infections

Under the infectious lesion of the bones, doctors usually mean osteomyelitis. Such a disease extends to all the constituent parts of the bone tissue, and can be caused by an attack of a variety of pathogens. Most often, an infectious lesion of the bone is provoked by staphylococci.

Bone infections - symptoms

The disease can proceed in a local or generalized form. With a local form, the patient's body temperature rises to 38.5 ° C, swelling forms on the affected area, patients complain of bursting pain. The skin on the diseased area noticeably reddens and becomes hot, over time an abscess occurs and pus may even begin to flow through the skin. Pathological processes lead to severe pain and limited movement.

With a generalized form of osteomyelitis, a person's body temperature can rise to 39-40C. The patient is worried about the strong constant pain of the affected areas, the general intoxication is actively growing. Infection leads to clammy sweat, chills and wheezing. The patient develops neurological symptoms, represented by convulsions, delirium, loss of consciousness. The skin becomes pale, the activity of the kidneys is disturbed.

Treatment of osteomyelitis is aimed at the surgical removal of the purulent focus and the sanitation and drainage of the affected area. To save the bone resort to the method of mechanical osteoperforation. In this case, special preparations are injected into the bone, which create a protective barrier near the source of infection, preventing the spread of pathological processes.

The patient is prescribed antibiotics, taking into account the sensitivity of the identified pathogen, they are injected into the bone cavity. The patient should be in the inpatient department, he is shown bed rest in case of illness and immobilization of the affected area. Doctors select drugs that increase the overall resistance of the body, if necessary, carry out blood purification, correction of electrolyte balance, etc. For symptomatic treatment, antipyretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or analgesics are used. Heart failure correctors are also often used, such as cardiac glycosides, diuretics, and ACE inhibitors. In parallel with antibiotics, probiotics are used to restore the intestinal microflora.

An important role is played by detoxification therapy with a number of solutions: colloids (saline) and detoxification agents (Neocompensan, Hemodez, etc.). In especially serious cases, they resort to plasmapheresis, hemosorption, ultraviolet or laser irradiation of the bone.

Joint infections

Infectious lesions of the joints can be both viral and bacterial. It can be caused by rubella, viral hepatitis, HIV, measles, smallpox, adenovirus, enterovirus, herpes virus, etc. Among bacterial pathogens, streptococci are the most common, intestinal bacteria, salmonella, brucella, etc. become much less likely to cause inflammation. In some cases, the lesion is provoked by fungi.

Joint infections - symptoms

In most cases, an infection of the joints develops suddenly. But sometimes the manifestations of such a violation increase gradually - over several weeks.

The affected joint swells and causes sharp pain when trying to move. The skin over it becomes reddened and hot. Increased body temperature and chills may occur. Sometimes there is a change in the contours of the joint, increasing swelling.
In addition, with infection of the joints, symptoms of the underlying disease also appear.

Joint and bone infections - treatment

Diagnosed infectious lesions of the joints are usually treated in an inpatient department, where the patient must be under doctoral supervision. He is shown to conduct a daily analysis of the synovial fluid, which allows him to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy.

Drug treatment is selected depending on the type of pathogen that provoked the disease. The drugs of choice are antibacterial drugs, antiviral drugs and antimycotic agents. Correction of painful sensations is carried out using painkillers and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

In some cases, the treatment of infectious lesions of the joints requires surgical intervention. Surgical treatment is carried out if conservative measures do not give a positive effect.

If the joints have suffered particularly badly, the doctor may advise to reconstruct them - replace them with a prosthesis. But such an operation is possible only after a complete cure of the infection.

Bone infections and joint infections - folk treatment

In parallel with the methods of official medicine, medicines based on herbs and improvised means can also be used. So patients with infectious lesions of the joints will benefit from a collection that equally in shares includes elderberry (flowers), nettle plant (leaf), parsley root and willow bark. Brew a tablespoon of crushed raw materials with a glass of only boiled water. Boil the medicine for five minutes on a fire of minimum power, then cool and strain. Take the finished product two glasses a day, dividing this amount into several doses.

The feasibility of using traditional medicine should be discussed with the doctor.

Bone disease can occur in anyone. Some of them cause irreparable damage to the entire body. Patients are prone to fractures and a large number of sprains. Weak bones are not the root cause of the aging process, but in some cases, even strong bones begin to break from childhood.

One of the most common joint problems is osteoporosis. The presented disease is characterized by low quality of bone mass, which deteriorates over time. It can be easily prevented by knowing the diagnosis and immediate treatment regimens. In the case of low quality bone mass, there is a loss of some minerals, in the form of calcium.

Bone diseases are quite common and do not depend on falls and other factors.

Other bone diseases include Paget's disease and osteogenesis imperfecta. Paget's disease affects mainly the elderly, men and women. As a result of this disease, deformation of skeletal bones occurs and a large number of fractures are observed.

With osteogenesis imperfecta, which occurs as a result of a hereditary disorder, the bones become more fragile and the number of fractures in childhood increases dramatically. With a healthy skeletal system, which has strong bones, the overall health of a person and the quality of his daily life play a fundamental role.

The quality of the bones depends on:

• general condition and muscle tone;
• protect heart lung functionality;
• overall brain performance.

In addition, muscles allow you to increase the functionality of the whole organism. Bones are considered a storehouse that stores many micronutrients and minerals. With osteoporosis and a number of other bone diseases, such as Paget's disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, one can see a decline in the patient's overall physical activity and a deterioration in the quality of life.

At the same time, the possibility of walking, standing and even staying in a lying position is lost. This moment can be fatal. With bone and joint problems, which are diagnosed in a large number of patients, there is a high mortality rate. Among the most common localization sites are the hips, spine and wrists.

Fibromyalgia is a disease in which extra-articular soft tissues are affected. It is characterized by the presence of musculoskeletal pain and the manifestation of atypical tender points. When palpating, you can find inflamed places. This problem occurs mostly in the fair sex.

A characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is a pain syndrome that is difficult to localize. Unpleasant sensations are difficult to attribute to any specific problem. The patient feels a pronounced musculoskeletal pain syndrome. The limbs may swell, tire quickly, and a slight tingling sensation is felt when pressed.

Scoliosis is a deformity of the spine. Lateral changes are observed in the direction of the spinal column. If you do not provide proper attention and treatment, then the problem flows into kyphosis and lordosis. The skeleton of the chest begins to deform, leading to a number of changes in the pelvis and girdle of the lower extremities.

The reason that causes this problem is the intensive growth at the initial stage. Scoliosis begins to actively form due to problems with metabolism and connective tissue.

Perthes disease develops in the hip joint, affecting the bone tissue, the joint area, adjacent vessels and nerves. It is prone to progression if proper medical care is not provided.

There are several theories according to which progression occurs:

1. Postponed injuries.
2. Ongoing infectious processes that led to damage to the joint.
3. Hormonal imbalance, etc.

Today, hip fractures are the most dangerous. This problem has become widespread in modern society. Every year there are about 300,000 hospitalizations. In official medical statistics, it has been found that about 20% of patients who have suffered a hip fracture die and 20% end up living their lives in complete discomfort. Many try to isolate themselves from others, fall into a state of depression.

What should be done for prevention?

Some patients still do not understand that the condition of their bones and joints directly depends on them. Osteoporosis is a disease that does not make itself felt for a sufficiently long period of time. During the active phase of this disease, cracks in the bone tissue begin to appear. According to official statistics, the fragility of human bones exceeds 4 times.

The above diseases pose a threat to any patient. One of the most effective helpers in the fight against the diseases presented is a number of general physiological techniques. They can be divided into 2 main categories: medicines and active physical activity. Regular exercise, periodic visits to a massage parlor, exposure to the sun will eliminate bone disease.

With the manifestation of primary symptoms, you should immediately seek help from your doctor. The names of many diseases are frightening, but following the recommendations presented, you can prevent their development. The joints will respond favorably to the act of physical activity.

Literature:

1. S. F. Usyk. OSTEOMYELITIS: CLINIC, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT: a textbook for interns in the specialty "General Medical Practice", for the system of postgraduate professional education. - Saratov: Nauka, 2007. - 95 p.
2. Catterall classification (1971).